Classification of Living Things Chapter 18 http analyzer

Classification of Living Things Chapter 18 http: //analyzer. depaul. edu/astrobiology/kingdoms. jpg

REMEMBER BIODIVERSITY _______ total of all the living things in an ecosystem SPECIES ______ population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other

Biologists have identified and named 2. 5 million over_______ species so far. Estimates = between 2 -100 million species yet be discovered http: //www. millan. net

WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names organisms Groups organisms in a logical manner

TAXONOMY ________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms

Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance helps make sense of relationships. BIRD. . . ? An animal with feathers Image from: http: //www. flagsplus. com/flags/21778_bird_collage. jpg

A good classification system: places organisms in a group with other organisms that are similar

A good classification system: UNIQUE Uses names that are _____ CHANGE as new data is discovered Can _____ RELATIONSHIPS Shows _______ of organisms

(300 B. C. ) The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher ARISTOTLE ________ more than 2000 years ago. Image from: http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/history/aristotle. html

Aristotle’s system By: Riedell PLANTS: Based on size of stem ANIMALS: Based on where they lived

Image from: http: //www 4. d 25. k 12. id. us/ihil/images/Cougar. jpg Common names can vary Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar. . . are all names for same animal By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

Common names vary Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http: //www. entm. purdue. edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures. htm

Common names can be misleading Ex: A jelly. FISH isn’t a fish, but a sea. HORSE is! Image from: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jellyfish Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Image from: http: //www. alaska. net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber. jpg

Common names can be misleading http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Buteo_buteo_5_%28 Marek_Szczepanek%29. jpg In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a vulture. http: //www. camacdonald. com/birding/Hooded. Vulture(HM). jpg

th 19 By mid century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use Latin and Greek to give a ______ single name to each species.

EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” PROBLEMS: Names too hard and long to remember! Different scientists described different characteristics.

Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707 -1778) Image from: http: //www. medusozoa. com/images/linnaeus. jpg

Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels TAXONS OR ______ Each organism has a two part scientific name = BINOMIAL _____________ NOMENCLATURE

Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species leo http: //www. vetmed. wisc. edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004 -lion. jpg

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 -name naming system) 1 st name = ________ GENUS NAME – Always capitalized 2 nd name = _________ SPECIES NAME –Always lower case UNDERLINED or Both names are _______ ITALICS written in ______.

GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears) Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear http: //www. macecanada. com/images/bears/kodiak_bear. gif http: //students. cs. byu. edu/~tole/Virtual%20 Zoo/polar-bear. jpg http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Black_bear_large. jpg

Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Image from: http: //www. earlylearning. ubc. ca/images/photo_baby. jpg

MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 18 -2

In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they MATE will _____! Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar characteristics ________.

BUT. . . which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?

Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water? OR with mammals because it breathes air and makes milk for its young?

Look at these 3 organisms: BARNACLE CRAB http: //greatescapetravel. com/album/MAUI 2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab. html http: //nearctica. com/ecology/habitats/barnacle. jpg http: //siena. earth. rochester. edu/ees 207/Gastropoda/ LIMPET

BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006 Judging by appearances you would probably put limpets and barnacles together in a group and crabs in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!

Look more closely! LIMPET BARNACLE Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. Limpets DON’T ! CRAB

Look more closely! LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body So do CRABS ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. So do CRABS !

LIMPET SNAIL Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS. Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS http: //siena. earth. rochester. edu/ees 207/Gastropoda/

Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006 BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS

MODERN TAXONOMY Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history = Evolutionary classification ___________

MODERN TAXONOMY The study of an organism’s evolutionary history = phylogeny

CLADISTICS ______is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members = _________ Derived characters

Derived characters can be used to construct a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Image from: http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/images/clip 0075. jpg cladogram = ____

Derived characters appear at branches of the cladogram showing where they first arose. Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006 Cladograms help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another

All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences. Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits. EX: All living things use _______to pass on DNA and RNA information and control growth. http: //sbchem. sunysb. edu/msl/dna. gif

GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms. http: //sbchem. sunysb. edu/msl/dna. gif

Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move MYOSIN called _____ Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move. http: //universe-review. ca/I 11 -32 -yeast. jpg

Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed. African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family. Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006

American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK. Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006

DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a recent common ancestor more ___________ between storks and American vultures African vulture American vulture Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006 Stork

Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently MOLECULAR CLOCK = ________

Mutations ______ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code. dissimilarity Degree of _____ is an indication of how long ago two species shared a common ancestor Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006

Different genes accumulate mutations at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”. http: //www. kahlert. com/web/images/tech_clock. gif Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock.

Kingdoms & Domains Chapter 18 -3 http: //analyzer. depaul. edu/astrobiology/kingdoms. jpg

As we discovered more about the natural world… not all organisms fit into Linnaeus’s plant or _____) animal 2 kingdoms (_____ fungi Ex: _____ bacteria Images from: http: //www. leighday. co. uk/upload/public/doc. Images/6/Listeria%20 bacteria. jpg http: //danny. oz. au/travel/iceland/p/3571 -fungi. jpg

FIVE ORIGINAL KINGDOMS ____________ (BACTERIA) http: //analyzer. depaul. edu/astrobiology/kingdoms. jpg

As we learned more about bacteria, MONERA kingdom was split the _____ into TWO distinct kingdoms ______ Eubacteria & _______ Archaebacteria 6 KINGDOMS used today Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

THREE-DOMAIN system Molecular analyses have given taxonomic rise to a new ______ category _______ now recognized = DOMAIN _______

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Domains are larger than Kingdoms and are based on the kind of Ribosomal RNA an organism has. ______

6 Kingdom System Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Kidspiration by Riedell

Cell without a nucleus PROKARYOTE = ______ REMEMBER (Includes bacteria) Cell with a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes = _________ EUKARYOTE (includes plants and animals) Organism that can make its own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis = AUTOTROPH _______ Organism that gets food energy from consuming other organisms = HETEROTROPH _______

A ONE-CELLED organism UNICELLULAR = ___________ REMEMBER Organism made of many cells MULTICELLULAR = _______ Polysaccharide made by joining glucose molecules together which makes plants sturdy CELLULOSE = _________ http: //bioweb. wku. edu/courses/Biol 115/Wyatt/default. htm

DOMAIN: BACTERIA KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA PROKARYOTES ____________ UNICELLULAR ___________ PEPTIDOGLYCAN Have cell walls with ________ AUTOTROPHS or HETEROTROPHS Can be ______________ E. coli, Streptococcus EXAMPLES: ___________ http: //chemiris. chem. binghamton. edu/ZHONG/research/bacteria 3. jpg

Polymer made of sugars and amino acids found outside the cell membrane in the cell PEPTIDOGLYCAN wall in some bacteria = _______ http: //www. scq. ubc. ca/? p=481

DOMAIN: ARCHAEA KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA PROKARYOTES _________ UNICELLULAR _________ Have cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycan _____ AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS Can be ______ or _______ Halophiles; thermophiles; EXAMPLES: ___________ LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS like volcanic hot springs, brine pools, low oxygen

http: //www. teara. govt. nz/NR/rdonlyres/737 B 7002 -C 31 D-418 D-84 C 5 -D 0 E 68 ED 87 BBB/134228/hero 6483. jpg Organisms that can live in HIGH temperature environments THERMOPHILES = ________ Organisms that can live in high salt environments HALOPHILES = _______ http: //web 0. greatbasin. net/~wigand/petespaleo/Columbus%20 Salt%20 Marsh. jpg

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PLANTAE EUKARYOTES ____________ MULTICELLULAR ___________ CELLULOSE Have cell walls with ________ and CHLOROPLASTS _______ AUTOTROPHS _________ Mosses, ferns, trees, EXAMPLES: ___________ flowering plants http: //www. russianflora. com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35. jpg

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: ANIMALIA http: //www. millan. net EUKARYOTES ____________ MULTICELLULAR ___________ NO CELL WALLS or ________ CHLOROPLASTS ________ HETEROTROPHS _________ Worms, insects, fish, birds, EXAMPLES: ___________ mammals, humans

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: FUNGI EUKARYOTES ____________ Most MULTICELLULAR; few UNICELLULAR ___________ CHITIN Have cell walls with ________ HETEROTROPHSabsorb nutrients from decaying _________________ organic matter ____________ EXAMPLES: ___________ Mushrooms, yeast http: //www. ontarionature. org/home/images/mushrooms. jpg

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PROTISTA ____________ EUKARYOTES Most UNICELLULAR; some colonial/multi ___________ Some have cell walls with CELLULOSE ________ Some have chloroplasts __________ AUTOTROPHS or HETEROTROPHS Can be _____________ Amoeba; Paramecium; EXAMPLES: ___________ Giant kelp; slime mold http: //www. ravelgrane. com/pix/proj/draco/paramecium-nahrung. gif

6 Kingdom System Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Kidspiration by Riedell

Figure 18 -12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18 -3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea KINGDOM ______ Eubacteria Archaebacteria Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryote Eukaryote ______ Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls ______ of chitin _____ Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts Unicellular _______ Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular ____________ MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or _____________ Heterotroph Autotroph ______ Heterotroph ______ EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS

Figure 18 -13 Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains Section 18 -3 DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdoms DOMAIN BACTERIA Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

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