Classification of Living Things branch of biology that
Classification of Living Things
branch of biology that names TAXONOMY and groups organisms according to their ____________ __ CHARACTERISTICS Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? ____________ EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY ___ How has organism changed in fossil
(300 B. C. ) The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher ARISTOTLE ________ more than 2000 years ago.
Aristotle 384 B. C. E. (Before Common Era) Classified organisms as either plants or animals He developed the first two kingdoms Today we now have six identified kingdoms Animal, plant, protist, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi 4
Aristotle’s Classification System
16 th Century Classification System
17 th Century
Problems? Common names (popular name)can be misleading Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!
Problems? Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal
Problems? Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http: //www. entm. purdue. edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures. htm
Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis
RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair like bristles” PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! Names don’t show relationships between different animals
Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! (1707 -1778) Devised a new classification system based on MORPHOLOGY _________ (Organism’s form and structure) Image from: http: //www. medusozoa. com/images/linnaeus. jpg
Carolus Linnaeus 1707 -1778 Classification system Taxonomic groups of related organisms Came up with the scientific name (two names) Homo sapiens Also known as binomial nomenclature 14
Linnaeus’s System HIERARCHY Grouped in a _______ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two SCIENTIFIC part LATIN NAME _________
17
Species Organisms that can only reproduce with their own kind. ? 18
Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Order Over Family For Genus Ginger Species Snaps Each is called a taxa or taxon.
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species leo
Scientific Name Vampire bat Desmodus rotundus Image from: http: //212. 84. 179. 117/i/Vampire%20 Bat. jpg Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: http: //www. entm. purdue. edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures. htm
Our Scientific Name Humans Homo sapiens Image from: http: //www. earlylearning. ubc. ca/images/photo_baby. jpg
Classification of Man Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens 24
Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell
Hint for 6 Kingdoms: Aunt = Archaebacteria Patty = Protist Eats= Eubacteria Pizza = Plant And = Animal Fruit = Fungi
Kingdom Eubacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall ◦ peptidoglycan 27
Kingdom Archaebacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA ◦ Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall ◦ Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only 28
Kingdom Protist Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food 29
Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall ◦ Chitin Absorb food 30
Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall ◦ Cellulose Produce food (autotroph) ◦ photosynthesis 31
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotroph Movement for survive Sexual Reproduction 32
MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________ Evolution How the organism has changed over time…years. http: //animals. timduru. org/dirlist/dino/Flying. Dinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil. jpg
Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later 34
Cladogram for Transportation Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived 35
Construct a Cladogram 36
Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail 37
Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail 38
Lizard Four limbs Tail 39
Fish Tail 40
Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail 41
Clad With 4 Limbs 42
Clad With Fur 43
Clad With No Tail 44
Gorilla Tail? How do we know the gorilla lost its tail? 45
Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail Gorilla Human 46
Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish 47
MODERN TAXONOMY Scientists use different kinds of info to classify organisms: 1. __________ Fossil record How organisms have changed over time 2. __________ Morphology Shape and function 3. ___________ Embryology: development in womb Chromosomes 4. ___________ DNA 5. ___________ Embryology= zygote, embryo, fetus
1. FOSSIL RECORD We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record. Evolutionary history = _______ PHYLOGENY http: //www. familyeducation. com/printables/display/0, 2361, 1650, 00. gif
2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function Image from: http: //www. angelfire. com/ab 7/evolution 12/evolutionclues. html
Image from: http: //www. angelfire. com/ab 7/evolution 12/evolutionclues. html Bat wing and human arm develop from same embryonic structures
ANALOGOUS Bird wing and STRUCTURES butterfly wing have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside. http: //uk. dk. com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird 003. html Insects and birds NOT closely related! http: //www. naturenorth. com/butterfly/images/05 a%20 tiger%20 wing. jpg
3. EMBRYOLOGY Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related Image from: http: //calspace. ucsd. edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3. shtml
Kidspiration by Riedell Image sources: see end of show
Image Sources http: //www. geocities. com/The. Tropics/2428/directory. html http: //www. gifs. net http: //people. eku. edu/ritchisong/homepage. htm http: //www. seattleschools. org/schools/blaine/ http: //www. kidskonnect. com/Lions/lion. gif
http: //www. chm. bris. ac. uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish. gif http: //www. ca 4 h. org/4 hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog. gif http: //www. madlantern. com/clipart/cindexw. htm http: //www. drtoy. com/news/ http: //anthro. palomar. edu/animal/images/platypus. gif
http: //www. gifs. net http: //www. dallas-zoo. org/featured. asp? page=wc http: //www. animationlibrary. com http: //www. dynamicearth. co. uk/education/images/tree_frog. jpg
- Slides: 57