Classification of Living Organisms Slide 1 of 26

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Classification: To group according to like traits Biodiversity: All the different types of organisms living in one area Why is this needed? 5 million organisms have already been classified BUT… 7 to 8 million still need discovered Slide 2 of 26

There is still a lot to classify……. . This furry lobster is so distinct a new family and genus had to be created. Found 2300 meters deep in the South Pacific ocean!!! Slide 3 of 26

Aristotle: Greek philosopher (384 - 322 B. C. ) Slide 4 of 26

Aristotle created the 1 st system of classification Aristotle divided all living organisms into two main groups based on physical traits: Plants (structure) L e g r a dy o Wo Animals (habitat) r dy oo w ll a m S d n a L d e m tem S S t f o Ai er W at Slide 5 of 26

Good start but………. What about: Slide 6 of 26

Carl Linnaeus’ system of classification (1700 s): still used today!!! Binomial Nomenclature Bi = 2 Nomial = name Nomenclature = naming system In other words…a two-name (2 -word) naming system Slide 7 of 26

We call this two-word name a scientific name Example: What is the scientific name of a human? Homo sapien Slide 8 of 26

What does a Puma, Cougar and Mountain Lion have in They are all the common? SAME organisms just with Cougar…………. DIFFERENT common names!!! Puma……………. Mountain Lion…. . Slide 9 of 26

Common names are different names for the same organism based on where they live. Puma, cougar, mountain lion, catamount, panther, mountain screamer, painter… Slide 10 of 26

Since they are all the same organisms they all have the same scientific name………… Felis concolor or Felis concolor Slide 11 of 26

Scientific names are universally used or used around the world Slide 12 of 26

8 Division of Classification: **Largest, Broadest to Smallest, most Specific** Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Did King Phillip Come Over For Grape Soda? Do Kind People Cheer Only For Greensburg Salem? Slide 13 of 26

Smallest, Specific Largest, Broadest Slide 14 of 26

3 Domains: 1. Archaebacteria: “Ancient Bacteria” -First living cells, live in extreme conditions -Known as EXTREMOPHILES -live in swamps, guts of animals, salty oceans, volcanic vents and hot springs 2. Eubacteria: “True Bacteria” -Affects your everyday life causing tooth decay, spoils our food, causes illness -Evolved from Archaebacteria Slide 15 of 26

3. Eukarya: “True Nucleus” -Contains all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus (“brain” of cell, contains DNA) Protista: Eukarya Domain is divided into 4 Kingdoms: Fungi: Plantae: Animalia: Slide 16 of 26

Kingdom Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Unicellular Autotrophic Prok aryotic Made up without of only one cell Makes own food Cells a nucleus Unicellular/Multicellular Photosynthesis Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Multicellular Eukaryotic Made up with of many cells Heterotrophic Cells a nucleus Nonmobile/Mobile Obtains food from other sources Autotroph/Heterotroph Other (repro. , habitat) Examples Additional Notes Slide 17 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification Eukarya Domain Grizzly Black Giant bear panda Coral Sea Red Abert fox squirrel snake star Levels of each Domain= taxon Slide 18 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus' taxonomic categories. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star Slide 19 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification A Kingdom is made up of several different Phylum. What is missing? !? Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda PHYLUM Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Chordata Subphylums: Invertebrates (lack backbone) Vertebrates (has a backbone) Slide 20 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification What is missing? !? A Phylum is made up of several different Classes. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Class Mammalia Slide 21 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification A Class is made up of several different Orders. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Slide 22 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification An Order is made up of several different Families. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Slide 23 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification Each Family is divided into different Genus and Species. Grizzly bear Black bear Slide 24 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification Species: Most specific division of classification -Organisms of the same species can successfully reproduce viable offspring. Slide 25 of 26

Species can be further divided into subspecies: Breeds: Races: Varieties: Slide 26 of 26

Scientific Names: -2 -word name -based on the two most specific divisions of classification: GENUS AND SPECIES Slide 27 of 26

Rules for writing Scientific Names: 1. First word is the Genus and it is always capitalized. 2. Second word is the species and it is always lower case. 3. The entire name is underlined or italicized. Ursus arctos or Ursus arctos Slide 28 of 26

Hybrids: Organisms of the same genus but different species reproduce and produce offspring that are “usually” sterile Slide 29 of 26

LIGER A liger is the offspring of a lion and a tigress. It is bigger than either parent, 10 - 12 ft in length - making it the biggest hybrid cat and, for many people, the most fascinating. Slide 30 of 26

Tigon A tigon is the offspring of a tiger and a lioness. Slide 31 of 26

s Beefalo is a species cross between Bison (buffalo) and domestic cattle of any breed. The purpose of the species cross was to blend the outstanding qualities of the Bison with outstanding qualities of the bovine breeds of the world. Slide 32 of 26

A Zebroid is a cross between a zebra and any other equid: essentially, a zebra hybrid. They are also known as zebra mules. In general, the sire is a zebra stallion. . Slide 33 of 26

Zebroid: Shetland Pony and a Zebra Slide 34 of 26

Eubacteria Dicotomous/Taxonomic Key Slide 35 of 26

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STOP HERE MRS. RED!!!! Slide 37 of 26

Aristotle based his system on: structure for plants and habitat for animals. Linnaeus based his system on: just structures (morphology-study of form & structure) Slide 38 of 26

Modern scientists (taxonomists) who study taxonomy (science of naming, describing, & classifying organisms) use the following: 1. Homologous Structures -similar structures with different functions Slide 39 of 26

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2. Evidence from Genetics/Biochemistry Common or similar DNA codes or proteins Analysis of the DNA sequence determined that the monkey's DNA code is about 93 percent similar to the human DNA code!!! Slide 41 of 26

3. Similarities in embryonic development. Slide 42 of 26

4. Phylogeny-evolutionary history of an organism Evolution How we came into existence How we related to those in the past Driving force of evolution = natural selection Slide 43 of 26

BIG Ideas in Evolution: A. DNA holds the code of life to make Proteins which give us traits Mutations which alter DNA then alter these Proteins Most mutations are evolutionary neutral Slide 44 of 26

B. Natural Selection Slide 45 of 26

C. Speciation Occurs when 1 population is isolated from another population (usually geological) Slide 46 of 26

D. Selective breeding and biotechnology contribute to the deliberate changing of the genetic makeup of a population Slide 47 of 26

5. Fossil Records- shows development of organisms throughout time Slide 48 of 26

Two approaches to Phylogenetic Classification: 1. Systematics-organizes the diversity of living things based on context of evolution Based on: Fossils, homologous structures, embryology, genetics, biochemistry Slide 49 of 26

Creates a Phylogenetic/genic Tree -Each successive group (taxon) should be represented by finer and finer branches all stemming from a common ancestor -Creates a “tree of life” Slide 50 of 26

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2. Creating a cladogram Uses certain features of an organism called shared derived characteristics -features that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration Example: Feathers…. . birds are the only animals that have feathers therefore it separates it from all other vertebrates. Slide 54 of 26

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