Classification of Horticultural Crops Classification of Hort Crops

Classification of Horticultural Crops

Classification of Hort. Crops n Types of classification n Horticultural Botanical Horticultural Classification n Logically conceived systems n n n description nomenclature and identification of plants

Ways and Means of Classification n n n Growth habit and physiological characteristics Life span Flowering Habits Temp. relation Uses Morphology Cultural requirements

A. Growth habit & physiological characteristics n Succulents: n Plants with tender and watery stem & leaves n n Herbacious: n n Herb self supporting succulent tender stem either drooping or self supporting n n Foliage plants Most of vegetables Woody: n self supporting woody plants n Trees and shrubs

A. Growth habit & physiological characteristics n Classification of tree & shrub Tree Shrub Single central stem one or more stem Taller smaller May vary with environment and training practices. n n Plants with trailing/climbing stems woody/non-woody n n Non-woody stem Woody stem Vine Liana

A. Growth habit & physiological characteristics n Evergreen n n Plants with persistent leaves Tropical in origin E. g. , Citrus, mango, date, guava, litchi, coconut, olive, ber, banana, chiku, pineapple, fig and papaya etc. Deciduous n n Plant shedding their leaves in winter Eg. , Apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, almond, cherry, strawberry, grapes, walnut, pistachio, pomegranate and falsa

B. Classification based on life span n Annuals n n n complete life cycle in one growing season. many vegetables and seasonal flowers. Biennials n n complete life cycle in two growing seasons. Ist season n n vegetative with short internodes and rosettes IInd season n bolting (sends up flowering stalk with long internodes bearing flowers and fruits) root vegetables (Carrot, beet, radish) n leafy vegetables (Lettuce and cabbage) n & onion. Climate is critical factor in determination of the life cycle Most of the above vegetables are treated as annuals ? n

B. Classification based on life span n Perennials n n Grow for years and woody. Growth n n Juvenile Mature (vegetative for several yrs. ) (veg. + reproductive) all fruit and ornamental trees and shrubs. Herbaceous plants like asparagus, potato & bulbs

Perennials n Winter Killing n n n Above ground parts killed Underground storage structures survive Brinjal and tomato n n perennial in tropical climate annual in temperate climate

C. Classification based on flowering habits Acc. to functionality of parts n Unisexual/imperfect n n Having one of the male/female floral parts on the flower Bisexual/hermaphrodite/perfect n Both male and female parts present on same flower e. g. peas. Acc. to presence/absence of floral parts n Complete flower. n n All four whorls present (Sepals, petals, stamens and pistils) Incomplete flower. n Anyone absent.

C. Classification based on flowering habits Acc. to availability of male/female parts on the plant n Monoecious: n n n Dioecious: n n n Male and female parts on the same flower/plant. e. g. , mango, citrus, cucurbits and walnuts. only one sex present on one plant. e. g. , Date and papaya, spinach, asparagus, beet Polygamous n n having all male, female and hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant Watermelon, fig, mango

D. Classification based on temperature relations n Temp. requirements for growth and tolerance to low temperature Acc. To growing season (Vegetables) n Summer n n grown year round in entire lower sindh-frost free area Winter n n Grown in plains of Punjab Easily cultivated in summer at high altitudes

D. Classification based on temperature relations Acc. To growing season (Vegetables) n Cool season crops n n Max. 80 -85°F Min. 35 -40°F Opt. 65°F Warm season crops n n n Opt. above 80°F Min. below 50°F (can’t grow) Frost sensitive

D. Classification based on temperature relations Acc. To growing season (Fruits) n n n Temperate: n Mostly deciduous. n Required chilling to flower n e. g. , apple, pear, plum and peaches. Sub tropical: n Can tolerate frost n e. g. , citrus, guava and grapes. Tropical: n More sensitive to low temp. n e. g. , banana, papaya and mango.

D. Classification based on temperature relations Acc. To growing season (Fruits) n Both tropical and sub tropical are n native to warmer climate, n frost sensitive, n needs hardening in late summer. According to ability to withstand low winter temperature. n n tender not resistant hardy resistant

D. Fruit Classification based on Uses & cultural requirements n Small or Soft fruit: n n n Nuts n n n Born on low growing plants like shrubs and vines grapes, falsa, strawberry edible seeds almond, walnut, pecans etc. Fleshy fruit n n soft flesh opposite to seed mango

D. Fruit Classification based on Uses & cultural requirements n Pome/False fruits n n n Berries n n n edible part thalamus apple, pear, quince. develop from ovary walls grapes, banana, citrus, tomato. Stone/drupe fruit n n fruits have stony endocarp. peach, plum, apricot, mango, cherry.

Quince

D. Fruit Classification based on Uses & cultural requirements n Multiple fruits n n n develop from many separate but closely clustered flowers Pineapple, fig, mulberry Aggregate fruits n n derived from a flower with more pistils on a common receptacle Individual fruit n n drupe (blackberry) Achene strawberry n Small one seeded indehiscent fruit developed from a single carpel

D. Vegetable classification based on uses & cultural requirements n Root crops with underground edible part n carrot, radish, turnip, beet, potato. n n Leafy vegetables n n lettuce, cabbage, celery, spinach Vine crops n Most of cucurbits

D. Vegetable classification based on uses & cultural requirements n Solanaceous fruits n n Flower crops n n Tomato, eggplant & bell pepper Cauliflower & broccoli Seed n Peas & beans

D. Ornamental plant classification based on uses & cultural requirements n Flowering plants n n Annuals, perennials and bulbs with underground storage organs. Landscape plants n n Foliage plants, ground covers, lawn grasses, hedges, trees and shrubs Indoor plants with persistent evergreen foliage

B. Botanical classification n n Scientific plant classification based on phylogenetic relationships of organisms. Taxonomy : Greek word n n Taxon group/category Science of classification Class. On the basis of diff. and similarities Mid 18 th Century, C. Linnaeus used n n morphology of sexual/reproductive parts as basis for taxonomy b/c these organs are less influenced by env.

n n n n Kingdom Division Class Order Families Major taxa Genus Species Variety/strain (minor taxa)

B. Botanical classification n Plant Kingdom n n Includes a dozen major phyla/divisions Tracheophyta is more developed n n Have vascular/treachery system (common in all higher plants) All hort. crops except mushrooms Several classes Hort. Important classes n n n Filicinae (ferns) Angiospermae (flowering plants) Gymnospermae (conifers)

B. Botanical classification n Gymnosperms n n n Naked Seeds Small group (~700 living sp. ) Mostly evergreen with needle shaped leaves. Belong to temperate zone. Sources of timber, wood pulp, turpentine, resins, edible seeds and high value ornamental plants.

B. Botanical classification n Angiosperms n n n Seed enclosed in fruit Large group of plants (> 25000 sp. ) Broad leaves Primary source of food, fiber & shelter Sub-classes n n Dicotyledonae Monocotyledonae

B. Botanical classification n n Dicots (200, 000 sp. ) n 2 cotyledon n floral parts in 4/5 multiples. n Leaf venation reticulate n Presence of vascular cambium Monocots (50, 000 sp. ) n single cotyledon n Floral parts 3 or multiple n Both classes have several orders and families n Vascular cambium is absent

B. Botanical classification n Identification and description n n Based on two parts, Generic (capital letter) Specific (small) Genus n n group of species with common morphological, genetic and cytogenetic features. Specie n n Plants morphologically same and produce like progeny Normally inter-breeding population.

n n n Variety: When a population of plants within a species differ in appearance from the original members of species Cultivars: Refers to a named group of plants within a cultivated species which maintain their identity when propagated either sexually or asexually Clones: A population propagated vegetatively from single original stock Strain or sport: A variant among a clone.

B. Botanical classification n Varietal name follows the specific name. n n n Cultivar n n Brassica oleraceaea botrytis (cauliflower) Brassica oleraceaea capitata (cabbage) Group of plants within cultivated specie that maintain the identity when propagated sexually or asexually. Sexually propagated cultivar categories: n n n Pure line or self-pollinated Open-pollinated (OP’s) Hybrids

THANKS ANY QUESTIONS

Next lecture n Present status and future scope of hort. (assignment)

n n n Area, production, yield/hec, exports data of major fruit and vegetables Source: Agri. Stat. of Pakistan FAO production year book Economic survey of Pak. Hort. Dev. Export Board PHDEB.

n n n n Present status and future scope of Horticulture In pakistan 8 -10% area is under Horticulture. Problems are, shortage of water PH increase population industerial area prosperity

n Need for significance increase in production: n n n INCREASE AREA UNDER HORTICULTURE INCREASE PER ACRE PRODUCTION DECREASE AREA UNDER OTHER CROPS DECREASE THE PH LOSSES. Factors limiting the growth of Horticulture: The last few years through the production has increase rapidly and still we

n n n Nurseries: Private nurseries have no law e. G fruits Rootstock mother plant. Decrease of bud wood No check on pedigree No check on freedom from diseases.

n n n Farmer hesitate fruits b/c long term investment Marketing uncertainties especially in vegetables Profit oriented Farmers attention is negligible Needs incentives and capital infra structure Marketing system

THANKS ANY QUESTIONS

Next lecture n Significance of Hort. Contd.