Classification Metals can be divided into 2 groups

Classification Metals can be divided into 2 groups Metals Ferrous Metals Non- Ferrous Metals Iron Aluminum Low Carbon Steel Copper Medium Carbon Steel Brass High Carbon Steel Bronze Cast Iron Zinc Stainless Steel Lead Tool Steels Tin Others 1

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Ferrous Metals - Iron and Steel When carbon is added to pure iron it becomes basic carbon steal. If other elements such as manganese, nickel, silicon, molybdenum etc. It becomes Alloy Steel The amount of carbon will determine the hardness of the steel. The carbon amount ranges from 0. 1% to 4%. Steel • Low carbon steel (mild steel) • Medium carbon steel • High carbon steel (tool steels) • Cast iron Alloy Steels • Stainless steel • High speed steel 3

Low Carbon Steel mild steel 0. 05% -0. 32% carbon Tough, ductile and malleable, Easily joined and welded, Poor resistance to corrosion Often used a general purpose material Nails, screws, car bodies, Structural Steel used in the construction industry Medium Carbon Steel 0. 35% - 0. 5% of carbon Offer more strength and hardness BUT less ductile and malleable Structural steel, rails and light tools High Carbon Steel ‘tool steel’ 0. 55%-1. 5% carbon Very hard but offers Higher Strength Less ductile and less malleable tools (chisels, punches) Saw blades Cast Iron 2%-4% of carbon Very hard and brittle Strong under compression Suitable for casting. Does not warp easy. Engine block, machine parts, pans 4

Stainless Steel alloyed with chromium (18%), nickel (8%), magnesium (8%) Hard and tough Corrosion resistance Comes in different grades Sinks, cooking utensils, surgical instruments

Stainless Steels Main types: Ferritic chromium: relatively weak; used in architectural trim, kitchen range hoods, decorations, utensils Grades 409, 430, and other 400 Austentitic nickel-chromium: non-magnetic, can weld, relatively weak; used in architectural products, such as fascias, curtain walls, storefronts, doors & windows, railings; chemical processing, food utensils, kitchen applications. series. Grades 301, 302, 303, 304, 316, and other 300 series. 6

Martensitic chromium: High strength, hardness, resistance to abrasion; used in turbine parts, bearings, knives, cutlery and generally Magnetic. Grades 17 -4, 410, 416, 420, 440 and other 400 series Maraging (super alloys): High strength, high Temperature alloy used in structural applications, aircraft components and are generally magnetic. Alloys containing around 18% Nickel. 7

Classification/standards organizations SAE – society of automotive engineers AISI – American iron and steel institute ASTM -American Society for Testing and Materials ASM - American Society for Metals ISO- International Organization for Standardization These organizations set standards for sizes, shapes and production of metals both in the US and internationally. Each organization has a different numbering system that can be confusing. These Steel Designation Systems can be found in charts on the internet usually from the manufacturer of the metal. They are also at the website of the specific organization. Both AISI and SAE use a compatible numbering system which may or not correlate with the ISO or ASTM. In other words you have to compare apples to apples when using multiple systems. AISI and SAE are metals used in the car industry or for machines but they also have structural steel. Generally for most construction kinds of metal we use the ASTM systems in the US. ASTM Standard AISI-SAE Standard

ASTM Standard Carbon steels • A 36 - structural shapes and plate • A 53 - structural pipe and tubing • A 500 - structural pipe and tubing • A 501 - structural pipe and tubing • A 529 - structural shapes and plate High strength low alloy steels • A 441 - structural shapes and plates • A 572 - structural shapes and plates • A 618 - structural pipe and tubing • A 992 - Possible applications are W or S I-Beams. • A 913 - Quenched and Self Tempered (QST) W shapes • A 270 - structural shapes and plates Corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels • A 243 - structural shapes and plates • A 588 - structural shapes and plates items. 10 18 Mild (lowcarbon) steel . 18% carbon content

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