Classification Headings Vocabulary Important Words CLASSIFICATION TAXONOMY Classification
Classification Headings Vocabulary Important Words
CLASSIFICATION & TAXONOMY Classification: • grouping based on similarities Taxonomy: • Branch of Biology • The science of classifying grouping and naming of organisms
Aristotle’s Classification Scheme • Greek philosopher who developed first classification system • Divided all organisms into 2 GROUPS: 1. Non motile (plants) 2. Motile (animals) • Plants grouped by: – size (small, medium, large) • Animals grouped by: – where they lived (air, water, land)
Binomial Nomenclature • A system for naming organisms by structure created by Linnaeus: – Although Linneaus didn’t realize it, by classifying organisms by structure he was also classifying them by evolutionary relationship • Written in Latin • Includes the organisms : • Genus: CAPITALIZED (noun) – means beginning • Species: lowercase (adj. ) Example: Homo (man) sapien (wise/thinking)
Scientific & Common Names Scientific Name: • genus and species name – Iguana iguana – Felis domesticus Common name: • Organism is commonly called • Not used in the scientific community – Green Iguana – Domestic Cat
The “New” Evolutionary Classification • Categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent • Not just physical similarities • This new method is called: Evolutionary Classification (Cladistics) • Scientists classify organisms based on their Evolutionary Beginnings
Cladograms • A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships • Cladograms are useful tools • Help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution
Traditional Classification vs. Cladogram Physical Similarities Appendages Crab Conical Shells Barnacle Evolutionary Decent: Class Crustaceans Gastropoda Limpet Molten exoskeleton Segmentation Free-swimming larvae TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION CLADOGRAM
Kingdoms • Broadest of all taxa • Grouped into 3 domains: 1. Bacteria – • Eubacteria 2. Archae- • Archeabacteria 3. Eukarya: • Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Eubacteria: a. all microscopic prokaryotes b. almost all are unicellular c. non-motile d. commonly called bacteria 2. Kingdom Archaebacteria: a. prokaryotes b. live in extreme environment
3. Kingdom Protista: a. eukaryotes b. uni and multicellular c. live in moist environments d. most are simple, microscopic & mobile *Examples: paramecium, amoeba, euglena & algae
4. Kingdom Fungi: a. Eukaryotes b. Uni and Multicellular c. Consumers that do not move d. Decompose dead organisms &/or waste products *Examples: mushrooms, molds, & mildew
5. Kingdom Plantae: a. stationary, multicelluar eukaryotes b. Photosynthetic c. Autotrophs *(make own food) *Examples: plants
6. Kingdom Animalia: a. Multicellular b. Consumers that eat & digest other organisms (heterotrophs) c. May be herbivores, carnivores & omnivores *Examples: Animals
Complete Classification of Humans 4. Class: 1. Kingdom: (Animalia) (Mammalia) 2. Phylum: 5. Order: (Chordata) (Primates) • Dorsal nerve 6. Family: cord(Hominid) cartilage • Vertebrae 7. Genus: 3. Subphylum: (Homo) (Vertebrata) 8. Species: (sapien)
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