CLASSIFICATION Finding Order in Diversity DEFINE TAXONOMY Discipline

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CLASSIFICATION Finding Order in Diversity

CLASSIFICATION Finding Order in Diversity

DEFINE TAXONOMY • Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted

DEFINE TAXONOMY • Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.

WHY CLASSIFY? 1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system

WHY CLASSIFY? 1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.

WHY CLASSIFY? 2. When taxonomists classify organisms, they organize them into groups that have

WHY CLASSIFY? 2. When taxonomists classify organisms, they organize them into groups that have biological significance.

WHY CLASSIFY? 3. Classification makes life easier. What are some ways we classify?

WHY CLASSIFY? 3. Classification makes life easier. What are some ways we classify?

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES 1. Using common names is confusing because many organisms may have

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES 1. Using common names is confusing because many organisms may have several different common names. 2. The cougar is also known as the mountain lion, puma or catamount…thus the need for a scientific name. Photo courtesy Texas Parks and Wildlife Department © 2004 Felis concolor

2. A Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus developed Binomial Nomenclature, a two-word naming system

2. A Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus developed Binomial Nomenclature, a two-word naming system for naming all species on earth. What do botanists study?

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES 2 a. The first part of the scientific name is the

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES 2 a. The first part of the scientific name is the genus. This word is always written first and Homo sapien the first letter is capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined. Grizzly bear picture is reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www. panda. org Ursus arctos

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES 2 b. The second part of the scientific name is the

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES 2 b. The second part of the scientific name is the species name. This word is always written second Homo sapien and the first letter is lower-case. It appears in italics or is underlined. Ursus arctos

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 1. Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels. They

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 1. Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels. They are, from largest to smallest, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 2. The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive (includes)

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 2. The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive (includes) of the taxonomic categories. 3. Species is the smallest and least inclusive of the taxonomic categories.

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 4. The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 4. The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly and

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each other? Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos Pictures reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWFWorld Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www. panda. org Ailuropoda melanoleuca

THINKING CRITICALLY Organism Cat Wolf Fly Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Arthropoda Class Mammalia Insecta

THINKING CRITICALLY Organism Cat Wolf Fly Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Arthropoda Class Mammalia Insecta Order Carnivora Diptera Family Felidae Canidae Muscidae Genus Felis Canis Musca F. domesticus C. lupus M. domestica Species

THINKING CRITICALLY 1. What type of animal is Musca domestica? Animal; insect 2. From

THINKING CRITICALLY 1. What type of animal is Musca domestica? Animal; insect 2. From the table, which 2 animals are most Cat and Wolf closely related? 3. At what classification level does the Family Level evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)?

EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 1. Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent,

EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 1. Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. 2. Define Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION A B C D E F Clade or lineage Speciation: formation of

EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION A B C D E F Clade or lineage Speciation: formation of two new species from one T I M E

EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 3. Classification using Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among

EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 3. Classification using Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. b. The cladogram on the next slide shows the evolutionary relationship among several vertebrates.

CLADOGRAM Hagfish Fish Lizard Frog Mouse Pigeon Chimp Feathers Fur & Mammary Glands Lungs

CLADOGRAM Hagfish Fish Lizard Frog Mouse Pigeon Chimp Feathers Fur & Mammary Glands Lungs Jaws Claws or Nails

CLADOGRAM c. The characteristics listed below the line are called derived characters (traits). d.

CLADOGRAM c. The characteristics listed below the line are called derived characters (traits). d. When the derived character appears above an organism, the organism lacks that derived character. When the derived character appears below the organism, the organism possesses that derived character.

VENN DIAGRAMS 1. Venn Diagrams can be used to make models of hierarchical classification

VENN DIAGRAMS 1. Venn Diagrams can be used to make models of hierarchical classification schemes. A Venn diagram is shown below: A. B. C. D.

A. B. C. D. • Four groups are represented by circular regions • Each

A. B. C. D. • Four groups are represented by circular regions • Each region represents different taxonomic levels. • Regions that overlap, share common members. • Regions that do not overlap do not have common members.

A. B. C. D. Matching: v. Mammals C v. Animals with backbones B v.

A. B. C. D. Matching: v. Mammals C v. Animals with backbones B v. Insects D v. All animals A

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