Classification CLASSIFICATION TAXONOMY Classification grouping based on similarities

Classification

CLASSIFICATION & TAXONOMY Classification: • grouping based on similarities Taxonomy: • Branch of Biology • The science of classifying/grouping and naming of organisms

Aristotle’s Classification Scheme • • • Greek philosopher who developed first classification system Divided all organisms into 2 GROUPS: 1. 2. Plants grouped by: • • Non motile (plants) Motile (animals) size (small, medium, large) Animals grouped by: • where they lived (air, water, land)

Binomial Nomenclature • A system for naming organisms by structure created by Linnaeus: • Although Linneaus didn’t realize it, by classifying organisms by structure he was also classifying them by evolutionary relationship • Written in Latin • Includes the organisms : • Genus: CAPITALIZED (noun) • means beginning • Species: lowercase (adj. ) Example: Homo (man) sapien (wise/thinking)

Scientific & Common Names Scientific Name: • genus and species name • Iguana iguana • Felis domesticus Common name: • Organism is commonly called • Not used in the scientific community • Green Iguana • Domestic Cat

The “New” Evolutionary Classification • Categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent • Not just physical similarities • This new method is called: Evolutionary Classification • Scientists classify organisms based on their Evolutionary Beginnings

Cladograms • A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships • Cladograms are useful tools • Help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution

Traditional Classification vs. Cladogram Evolutionary Decent: Class Physical Similarities Appendages Crab Conical Shells Barnacle Crustaceans Gastropoda Limpet Molten exoskeleton Segmentation TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION Free-swimming larvae CLADOGRAM

Kingdoms • Broadest of all taxa • Grouped into 3 domains: 1. Bacteria – • Eubacteria 2. Archae- • Archeabacteria 3. Eukarya: • Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Eubacteria: a. all microscopic prokaryotes b. almost all are unicellular c. non-motile d. commonly called bacteria 2. Kingdom Archaebacteria: a. prokaryotes b. live in extreme environment

3. Kingdom Protista: a. eukaryotes b. uni and multicellular c. live in moist environments d. most are simple, microscopic & mobile *Examples: paramecium, amoeba, euglena & algae

4. Kingdom Fungi: a. Eukaryotes b. Uni and Multicellular c. Consumers that do not move d. Decompose dead organisms &/or waste products *Examples: mushrooms, molds, & mildew

5. Kingdom Plantae: a. stationary, multicelluar eukaryotes b. Photosynthetic c. Autotrophs *(make own food) *Examples: plants

6. Kingdom Animalia: a. Multicellular b. Consumers that eat & digest other organisms (heterotrophs) c. May be herbivores, carnivores & omnivores *Examples: Animals

Complete Classification of Humans 1. 2. 3. 4. Kingdom: (Animalia) Phylum: (Chordata) • • Dorsal nerve cord-cartilage Vertebrae Subphylum: (Vertebrata) Class: (Mammalia) 5. Order: (Primates) 6. Family: (Hominid) 7. Genus: (Homo) 8. Species: (sapien) ***We do not include “sub” categories as taxons in the classification system. Linneaus only has 7 taxons (Kingdom down to Species) Current classification system has 8 taxons (Domain down to Species)