Classification Chapter 18 NonScience Example of Classification The

Classification Chapter 18

Non-Science Example of Classification § The item in this picture is § Automobile: § Truck, Car, or SUV? Car § Made by? Ford § Type of Ford car? Mustang -Was made in what year? 2002 -Is it Convertible? No -Color? Silver

Classification: Goes from General to Specific Automobile – Biggest • Car • Ford • Mustang • 2002 -Non Convertible -Silver - Specific

How are living things organized for study?

Classification § To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner § Why? § Common names can be confusing (buzzard) or misleading (starfish) § Taxonomy: discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name § In science we use Binomial Nomenclature, a 2 part naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus (1700 s).

Early Classification – Aristotle 384 -322 B. C. § 2 Groups: Plants and Animals § Plants – Green, Non Mobile § Animals – Not Green, Mobile

How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system? Praying Mantis Green but. . Mobile Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough

Binomial Nomenclature § Rules: § Example § Both words must be in italics or underlined. § The first letter of the first word (the Genus) is CAPITALIZED. § The second word (the species) is in lower case. §Felis catus

Kingdoms and Domains There are 2 different Systems of Classification: 1) The 5 -Kingdom System (now 6 kindoms) 1) Monera § Eubacteria § Archaebacteria 2) Protista 3) Fungi 4) Plantae 5) Animalia 2) The 3 -Domain System (“superkingdoms”) 1) Archaea 2) Bacteria 3) Eukarya

Which is the most primitive? 3 Domains

3 Domains contain 6 Kingdoms Classification

5 Kingdoms turns into 6 Monera is now Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria Just another example of changes in science

Classification System § Linnaeus created a classification system based on organism’s form and structure. § He created 7 taxa (classification “groups”, domain added later) from broadest to most specific: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species § Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools

Brown Squirrel § Kingdom: Animalia (“is an animal”) § Phylum: Chordata (“has a spine”) § Class: Mammalia (“nurses its young”) § Order: Rodentia (“has long sharp front teeth”) § Family: Scuridae (“has a bushy tail”) § Genus: Tamiasciurus (“climbs trees”) § Species: hudsonicus (“has brown fur on its back and white fur on its underparts”)

How do we determine how similar or how dissimilar certain organisms are?

Cladistics § Cladistics is one method of reconstructing phylogenies (how they are related) based on derived traits. § Patterns of shared characteristics § Derived traits are new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time. § These derived traits are displayed on a cladogram. § Shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Cladogram

DICHOTOMOUS KEY § A tool used to identify objects or organisms. § A list of characteristics become more narrow as they describe the particular item of interest. § Forced-choice selection between two characteristic options § Follow directions next to characteristic until you get to a species

Practice Let’s look at an example together…. .

§ § Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) q q Ecologically Diverse – live everywhere! Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar § Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Food Poisoning § Not all bad…. used to turn grapes into wine § Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, Streptococcus, E. coli

Kingdom Archaeabacteria q. Domain Archaea q. Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) q. Heterotrophs and Autotroph q. Cells Walls without peptidogylcan q. Live in Extreme environments like those of early Earth ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…. . some even live in your gut Examples: halophiles, Methanogens

Summary of Bacteria §All Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) §Heterotrophs or Autotrophs §What is the big difference? Cell Wall – Does it have Peptidoglycan? Archaebacteria Bacteria – With Peptidoglycan Archaea – Without Peptidoglycan

Domain Eukarya Contains Multiple Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia §Eukaryotic – Has a nucleus §Single or multi-cellular §Most visible life §Humans are in Domain Eukarya Diatom

Kingdom Protista § Domain Eukarya § Eukaryotic § Majority are unicellular, but some are colonial or multicellular. § Heterotrophs and autotrophs § May or may not have a cell wall § Extreme diversity! Can be plant like or animal like. § Examples: Algae, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Volvox, giant kelp, slime molds.

Kingdom Fungi - Mushrooms All in the same domain as us!

Kingdom Fungi § Domain Eukarya § Eukaryotic; cell walls of chitin. § Majority multicellular; few unicellular. § Heterotrophs; feed on dead or decaying § organic matter. (_Decomposer_) § Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold. Bread Mold

Kingdom Plantae § Domain Eukarya § Eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls of cellulose. § Autotrophs; photosynthesis chloroplast. § Examples: Mosses, ferns, flowering plants, cacti.

Kingdom Animalia § Domain Eukarya § Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls. § Heterotrophs § Extreme diversity is found in this kingdom § Examples: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals, reptiles.