CLASSIFICATION 5 5 1 Outline the binomial system

CLASSIFICATION

5. 5. 1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. q Classification § Taxonomy – the science of § Carolus Linnaeus (18 th century) – began the modern use of o Each organism is given a two word name in Latin – this becomes its o classified organisms based on and

5. 5. 1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. o Scientific names are always written in o Advantages to using scientific names: • • Latin language does not change scientific names are recognized by scientists throughout the world regardless of native language only one scientific name for each species single species for each scientific name

5. 5. 1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. o Binomial nomenclature is written as: • First word of the scientific name is the • • • Second word is the ex. Canis familiaris Genus name is always species name is Scientific names are or ,

5. 5. 2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species – using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. q Linnaeus’s classification system has seven levels § Each level is included in the level above it. § Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species. § as you move down the hierarchy, organisms become more and more alike (more closely related)

5. 5. 2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species – using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. TWO EXAMPLES: Taxa Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Human Garden Pea

q Living things are first grouped into the 6 major kingdoms § Kingdoms differ based on: o o o type of cell ( ) or or

q The six kingdoms: § Kingdom Prokaryotae – Bacteria o Kingdom Eubacteria: • Prokaryotic • have cell walls made of • • • Unicellular contains both and common bacteria organisms

q The six kingdoms: § Kingdom Prokaryotae – Bacteria o Kingdom Archaebacteria: • Prokaryotic • cell wall with no peptidoglycan • Unicellular • contains both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms • • *Methanogens produce methane (CH 4) as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Live in swamps, marshes, rumen of cattle, gut of termites. *Thermophiles live in extremely hot environments such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, inside volcanoes, and hot springs. *Halophiles are “salt loving” and live in extremely salty environments such as salt lakes and the Dead Sea.

§ Kingdom Protoctista (Protista): o o o Eukaryotic some have and unicellular and multicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic Plant-like protists Fungus-like protists Animal-like protists

§ Kingdom Fungi: o o o Eukaryotic cell wall made of unicellular and multicellular Heterotrophic

§ Kingdom Plantae: o o o Eukaryotic cell wall made of Multicellular Autotrophic

§ Kingdom Animalia: o o o Eukaryotic no cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic

q Classification is based on common ancestry § § The more categories organisms share, the more closely related they are (they will have more characteristics in common) If two species share many of the same taxonomic categories, this indicates they have a

q Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. § Phylogeny is the. o Determined by studying evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data o Shown with branching tree diagrams

q. A using cladistics. § A clade is a. § Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. § Each species in a clade has traits that have changed. is an evolutionary tree made

q Derived characters are. § basis of arranging species in cladogram § more closely related species share more derived characters § represented on cladogram as 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER

§ Nodes represent the CLADE 1 Tetrapoda clade . 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade § Clades can be identified by 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW . OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID NODE FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER

q Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. § Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities. § Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification. § is usually given the last word by scientists.