Classification 1 Aristotle 384 BC Classified organisms as
Classification 1
Aristotle 384 BC • Classified organisms as either plants or animals 2
Carolus Linnaeus 1707 -1778 • Classification system • Taxonomic groups of related organisms • Binomial nomenclature (two names) • Homo sapiens • Dermacentor andersoni 3
Taxonomic Groups 4
5
Classification of Man • • Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens 6
Species • “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. ” • Reproductively isolated group Ernst Mayr 7
Different Species 8
9
* * Archaea 10
Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria • • Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall – peptidoglycan 11
Kingdom Archaea • • Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA – Similar to Eukaryotic • Cell wall – Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only 12
Kingdom Protista • Single celled • Eukaryotic • Ingest or produce food 13
Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell wall – Chitin • Absorb food 14
Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell wall – Cellulose • Produce food – photosynthesis 15
Kingdom Animalia • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic No cell wall Ingest food Motile 16
Terminology • Classification – Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship • Taxonomy – The science of naming organisms • Systematics – Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms • Phylogeny – Evolutionary history 17
Cladogram • Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms • Each clad (group) share something in common • Ancestral traits are the oldest • Derived traits evolved later 18
Cladogram for Transportation • Wheels are the most ancestral • Wings are the most derived 19
Construct a Cladogram 20
Gorilla • Four limbs • Fur • Lost tail 21
Tiger • Four limbs • Fur • Tail 22
Lizard • Four limbs • Tail 23
Fish • Tail 24
Chimpanzee • Four limbs • Fur • Lost tail 25
Clad With 4 Limbs 26
Clad With Fur 27
Clad With No Tail 28
Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram • • Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait 29
Gorilla Tiger Lizard Fish Chimpanzee Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs 30
Gorilla Tail? • How do we know the gorilla lost its tail? 31
Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail Gorilla Human 32
Synapomorphy • A derived character shared by two or more groups. – Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups of mammals. – Synapomorphies are used to determine evolutionary relationships 33
Phylogenetic Tree • Shows evolutionary relationships • More historical than cladogram 34
Uniramia Echinodermata Chordata Lophophorates Chelicerata Crustacea Protochordates Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Other pseudocoelomates Nematoda Mesozoa Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora Apicomplexa Microspora Mollusca Nemertea Platyhelminthes Ctenophora Cnidaria Placozoa Porifera Myxozoa 35
Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish 36
Fish • • Fins Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth 37
Amphibian • • 4 limbs Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth 38
Reptile • • 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Homodont teeth 39
Bird • • • 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg No teeth Feathers Endothermic 40
Mammal • • • 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Heterodont teeth Fur or hair Endothermic 41
Birds Mammals Reptile Feathers Amphibian Fur Endothermic Fish Amniotic Egg Four Limbs Vertebrae 42
Birds Reptile Mammals Feathers Amphibian Fur Fish Endothermic Amniotic Egg Four Limbs Vertebrae • Synapomorphies – Four limbs for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals – Amniotic egg for reptiles, birds & mammals 43
Symplesiomorphy • Character shared by a number of groups • Inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor. – Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in determining evolutionary relationships 44
Birds Reptile Mammals Feathers Amphibian Fur Fish Endothermic Amniotic Egg Four Limbs Vertebrae • Symplesiomorphies – Vertebrae for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals – Four limbs for reptiles, birds & mammals 45
Monophyletic • A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor • The common ancestor is in the group • Example: Mammalia – Ancestor was a mammal like reptile 46
Paraphyletic • A group of descendants of a common ancestor • Common ancestor is in the group • Not all descendants are included • Example: Reptiles – Does not include birds and mammals 47
Polyphyletic • A group that has some similarities • Common ancestor is in not in the group • Not all descendants are included • Example: Flying vertebrates 48
Tree of Life 49
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bilateral Symmetry Fig. 7. 9 Sagittal plane 7 -9 50
Anatomical Terms • Anterior – Head end (front side in upright man) • Posterior – Tail end (back side in upright man) • Dorsal – Back side • Ventral – Belly side 51
Anatomical Terms (cont) • Medial – Close to the middle • Lateral – Close to the side • Distal – Away from the main part • Proximal – Close to the main part 52
Anatomical Terms (cont) • Oral – End with the mouth • Aboral – Opposite end of the mouth • Cephalic – Toward head • Caudal – Toward tail 53
Bilateral Symmetry 54
Radial Symmetry 55
Asymmetry 56
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