Classical Conditioning Module 15 Classical Conditioning Introduction Learning

Classical Conditioning

Module 15: Classical Conditioning Introduction

Learning • A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning • A type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that already produces that response • Form of learning by association

Stimulus-Response • Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to • Response – any behavior or action

Stimulus-Response Relationship

Stimulus-Response Relationship

Behaviorism • The view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes. • Founded by John Watson

Module 15: Classical Conditioning Components of Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • A stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively

Unconditioned Response (UCR) • The automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus • The relationship between the UCS and UCR must be reflexive and not learned

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • A stimulus that through learning has gained the power to cause a conditioned response • The CS must be a neutral stimulus before conditioning occurs.

Conditioned Response • The response to the conditioned stimulus • Usually the same behavior as the UCR

Module 15: Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery

Ivan Pavlov (1849 -1936) • A Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning while doing experiments on the digestive system of dogs

Pavlov’s Method of Collecting Saliva

Pavlov’s Research Apparatus

Pavlov’s Experiment

Pavlov’s Experiment

Pavlov’s Experiment

Module 15: Classical Conditioning Generalization and Discrimination

Generalization • Process in which an organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli • The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response

Generalization

Discrimination • A process in which an organism produces different responses to two similar stimuli • The subject learns that one stimuli predicts the UCS and the other does not.

Module 15: Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life: Little Albert

Little Albert • 11 -month-old infant • Watson and his assistant, Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats • Led to questions about experimental ethics

Little Albert – Before Conditioning

Little Albert – During Conditioning

Little Albert – After Conditioning

Little Albert - Generalization

Little Albert • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=FMnhy Goz. Ly. E

Module 15: Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life: Taste Aversion

Taste Aversion • Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea. • John Garcia (1917 - )

Module 15: Classical Conditioning Cognition and Biological Predispositions

Biological Perspective • We are predisposed to learn things that affect our survival. • We are predisposed to avoid threats our ancestors faced--food that made us sick, storms, heights, snakes, etc. --but not modern-day threats--cars, water pollution, etc.

Examples of Classical Conditioning • The first time you hear the song from an ice cream truck it means nothing to you (NS). However, the thought of ice cream (UCS) makes you crave it (UCR) and when you hear the song from the ice cream truck (now the CS), it makes your mouth water (CR).

Examples of Classical Conditioning • A soldier in the navy or armed forces may be trained to jump out of bed and snap into action (CR) at the sound of a horn. Before, the horn would have meant nothing (NS) but when paired with impending danger (UCS) the horn (CS) begins to cause the same reaction (CR)in the soldier that danger would have. Even years after, a soldier may hear a horn and sense danger

Examples of Classical Conditioning • When you were a child, you could always hear the garage door open when your father came home from work (NS). You ate dinner (UCS) every day very soon after he got home. One evening while at a friend's house, you heard his brother open the garage (CS) and you begin to feel hungry (CR) and ask when dinner will be ready.

Examples of Classical Conditioning • In school, before Ms. Stratton makes an announcement over the intercom, you can slightly hear the speaker turn on. When Ms. Stratton is talking, teachers make the class quiet down and be respectful. If a student fails to stop talking, the teacher commonly ends up punishing the student for their bad behavior. Now every time you hear the speaker turn on you stop talking and wait for an announcement to come on.

Examples of Classical Conditioning • Gerry wanted to teach his pet iguana to wait to be commanded to eat his food, in order to do so he would prick the lizards hand say eat. Eventually when Gerry would tell the lizard to eat, the lizard would associate the word "eat" with the prick, so when it heard the word eat, he ate in fear of the prick.

The End