Classical conditioning is classical in that it is

• Classical conditioning is "classical" in that it is the first systematic study of basic laws of learning / conditioning. • Classical conditioning is about influencing involuntary behaviour - responses we are hard-wired for – we have no mental control to stop how our body will react to a stimulus. • Operant conditioning is about influencing voluntary behaviour. 1

OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning: • the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of a voluntary behaviour. B. F. Skinner 2

OPERANT CONDITIONING Skinner based his idea on: REINFORCEMENT: is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency. 3

OPERANT CONDITIONING Skinner based his idea on: REINFORCEMENT: is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency. PUNISHMENT: is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency. 4

OPERANT CONDITIONING Reinforcement and Punishment, the core ideas of operant conditioning, are either: 5

OPERANT CONDITIONING Reinforcement and Punishment, the core ideas of operant conditioning, are either: POSITIVE: introducing a stimulus (something is added) to an organism's environment following a response, or 6

OPERANT CONDITIONING Reinforcement and Punishment, the core ideas of operant conditioning, are either: POSITIVE: introducing a stimulus (something is added) to an organism's environment following a response, or NEGATIVE: removing a stimulus (something is removed) from an organism's environment following a response. 7

OPERANT CONDITIONING Here the terms "positive" and "negative" are not used in their popular sense, but rather: 8

OPERANT CONDITIONING Here the terms "positive" and "negative" are not used in their popular sense, but rather: "positive" refers to addition, and 9

OPERANT CONDITIONING Here the terms "positive" and "negative" are not used in their popular sense, but rather: "positive" refers to addition, and "negative" refers to subtraction. 10

OPERANT CONDITIONING Having a Positive or Negative consequence of a behaviour creates a total of four basic results. 11

OPERANT CONDITIONING There are four procedures: 1. Positive reinforcement occurs when 12

OPERANT CONDITIONING There are four procedures: 1. Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable stimulus (commonly seen as pleasant) that increases the frequency of that behavior. 13

OPERANT CONDITIONING There are four procedures: 1. Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable stimulus (commonly seen as pleasant) that increases the frequency of that behavior. In the Skinner box experiment, a stimulus such as food or sugar solution can be delivered when the rat engages in a target behavior, such as pressing a lever. 14

The Skinner Box 15

The Skinner Box 16

OPERANT CONDITIONING The second procedure is: 2. Negative reinforcement occurs when 17

OPERANT CONDITIONING The second procedure is: Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (commonly seen as unpleasant) thereby increasing that behavior's frequency. 2. 18

OPERANT CONDITIONING The second procedure is: Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (commonly seen as unpleasant) thereby increasing that behavior's frequency. 2. In the Skinner box experiment, negative reinforcement can be a loud noise continuously sounding inside the rat's cage until it engages in the target behavior, such as pressing a lever, upon which the loud noise is removed. 19

OPERANT CONDITIONING The third procedure is: 3. Positive punishment 20

OPERANT CONDITIONING The third procedure is: 3. Positive punishment (also called "Punishment by contingent stimulation") occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by an aversive stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior. 21

OPERANT CONDITIONING The fourth procedure is: 4. Negative punishment 22

OPERANT CONDITIONING The fourth procedure is: 4. Negative punishment (also called "Punishment by contingent withdrawal") occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior. 23

Classroom Experiment 24