Class Reptilia Chapter 20 Class Reptilia Reptilia to
- Slides: 50
Class Reptilia Chapter 20
Class Reptilia Ø Reptilia - to creep l Turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, worm lizards, and tuatarans
Class Reptilia l First vertebrates to have amniotic eggs • Extraembryonic membranes l Protect the embryo from desiccation l Albumen • Cushions • Moisturizes • Food source l Yolk - supplies food
Class Reptilia l Other adaptations for land • Impervious skin l Keratin epidermal scales • Horny tales • Water conserving kidneys • Enlarged lungs
Class Reptilia • Subclass Anapsida – lack openings in the temple l Turtles • Subclass Diapsida l l Lower and upper openings in the temporal region of the skull Snakes, lizards, and tuataras • Subclass Synapsida – single dorsal opening in the temporal region of the skull
Class Reptilia Ø Characteristics of reptiles l l l Skull with one surface Respiration by lungs Metanephric kidneys Internal fertilization Amniotic eggs Very dry skin with keratinized scales 17 orders of Reptilia Ø 4 Living orders of Reptilia Ø
Class Reptilia Ø Order Testudines l l Tortoise and turtles 225 Species of turtles • • • Bony shell Limbs from internal ribs Keratinized beak
Class Reptilia • Carapace - dorsal portion of shell • Plastron - ventral portion of shell l North American box turtle has hinges • Eight cervical vertebrae
Class Reptilia • Long Life span 14 or more years l Up to 100 years l Sexual maturity seven or eight years l
Class Reptilia Ø Oviparous l l Nest contain 5 - 100 eggs Development lasts 4 weeks to one year Independent young Sea turtle conservation controversy
Class Reptilia Ø Order Rhynchocephalia l Snout head • 2 living species of Tuataras • Burrow • Endangered species l Lizard-like reptiles • Virtually unchanged from extinct members l Tooth arrangement is the distinguishing factor
Class Reptilia Ø Oviparous l l Share underground nesting burrows with groundseeking sea birds Venture out of the burrow at dawn and dusk for feeding
Class Reptilia Ø Order Squamata l Three suborders • • • Suborder Sauria - the lizards Suborder Serpentes - the snakes Suborder Amphisbaenia - worm lizards
Class Reptilia Ø Lizards l l 3, 300 species Two pairs of limbs Upper and lower jaws unite Vary in length • Few centimeters up to 3 m
Class Reptilia l Habitat • • • l Land Dwellers Burrowers Tree Dwellers Reproduction • Most are oviparous • Some are viviparous or ovoviviparous
Class Reptilia Ø Gecko l Habitat • Semitropical • Climbers l l l Adhesion disks aid Nocturnal Clicking vocalization
Class Reptilia Ø Iguana l l l Thick Bodies Short necks Distinct Heads • Marine iguana • Flying iguana l Can fly 30 meters
Class Reptilia Ø Chamelions - Group of Iguanas l Characteristics • • Live in Africa and India Arboreal habitat Long, sticky tongue Change color l l l Light Temperature Behavior
Class Reptilia l Gila Monster and Mexican Beaded Lizard • Venomous lizard • Southwestern North America • Not fatal to humans
Class Reptilia Ø Suborder - Serpentes l Snakes • 2, 300 Species l l 300 are venomous 30, 000 - 40, 000 humans die each year • Most occur in Southeast Asia • < 100 Occur in the U. S.
Class Reptilia Ø Characteristics l l l Lack limbs Up to 200 Vertebrae Skull Adaptations • Movable upper jaw • Each jaw moves independently
Class Reptilia l Adaptations • Differences in eye focusing • Loss of left lung • Displacement of l l l Gallbladder Right Kidney Gonads
Class Reptilia l Reproduction • Oviparous • Live birth l l l Boas Garter snakes Age of snakes • 135 million years old • Possible relation to caecilians
Reptilia Ø Suborder Amphisbaenia l l Double walk Worm Lizards • 135 Species • Habitat l l Specialized burrowers Africa, South America, Caribbean, and Mideast
Reptilia Ø Characteristics l l Legless Wedge shaped head Single median tooth in upper jaw Can move forward or backward
Reptilia Ø Order Crocodilia l l Greek - lizard 21 species Crocodiles, alligators, gavials, and caimans Have existed for 170 million years
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia l l l Snout is elongated Nostrils at the anterior end to help with breathing while mostly submerged Breathe and inhale water at the same time
Reptilia Ø Tail l l Muscular, elongated, and laterally compressed Used for swimming, attacking prey, and maneuvers
Reptilia Ø Teeth l l Ø Laterally compressed teeth Thrashing motion of capture Swallow food whole Death roll Stomach l l Gizzard-like Swallow rocks and other objects
Reptilia Ø Reproduction l l l Oviparous Parental Care resembles that of birds Nesting and parental care can be traced to common ancestor of both groups
Reptilia Ø External Structures l Skin • • • No respiratory function Thick, dry, and keratinized scales Shedding of the scales is called ecdysis Pheromones are secreted Cryptic, Aposematic, and mimicry coloration
Reptilia Ø Support l l Skeleton resembles amphibian form Skull is elongated Secondary palate Increase in cervical vertebrae • Atlas and axis increase head movement l Ribs can be highly modified • Cobra • Flying lizards l Autotomy - loss of a tail
Reptilia Ø Movement l Prehistoric Reptiles • Many were bipedal l Reptile • Tetrapods • Primitive reptiles move like salamanders • Higher than most amphibians
Reptilia Ø Nutrition and Digestion l l Carnivores Tongue • Turtles and crocodiles are nonprotrusible • Lizards and anurans have sticky tongues l May exceed the lizards length
Reptilia Ø Snakes l l l Glottis is far forward to allow for breathing Vipers have hollow fangs that are hinged on the maxillary Coral, sea, and cobra snakes rigid fangs Some cobras can “spit” Venom glands are modified salivary glands
Reptilia Ø Body Regulation l Gas Exchange • Three chambered heart • Sinous venosus is now a pacemaker
Reptilia l l Low oxygenated blood from right atrium to ventricle High oxygenated blood from lungs to ventricle to left atrium
Reptilia Ø Gas exchange l l l Across respiratory surfaces Partitioned into spongelike chambers Form a negative pressure mechanism for ventilation
Reptilia Ø Temperature Regulation l Ectotherms • Can survive (-2 to 41 o. C) • Need (25 to 37 o. C) to live l Behavior is used for temperature regulation • • • Body orientation Nocturnal Panting Blood diversion Chormatophore dispersion
Reptilia l Nervous and Sensory Functions • Cerebral hemisphere is larger than in Amphibians l Improved smell • Jacobson organ • Snakes can smell with their tongue l l l Improved vision motor coordination Ears detect vibrations Snakes have heat sensitive pit organs
Reptilia Ø Optic lobe and Cerebellum are enlarged l l Increased vision More refined motor coordination • • Independent eye movement Different fields of vision Dominant sense in most reptiles Colored vision
Reptilia l Excretion • Kidneys have more nephrons or blood filtering units (Metanephric kidneys) l l More blood flow Higher pressure • Excrete uric acid l l Insoluble in water Can be stored as a paste
Reptilia Ø Osmoregulation l l Reabsorption of water Internal respiratory surfaces Relatively impermeable exposed skin Behavior • Nocturnal • Avoidance of hot surfaces l Storage of water in lymphatic spaces
Reptilia Ø Reproduction l Eggs • Land dwelling is possible • Not completely independent of water
Reptilia Ø Internal Fertilization l l l Egg shell forms after Males have an intromittent organ Sperm can be stored by the female • Turtles 4 years • Snakes 6 years
Reptilia Ø Parthenogenesis l l l 6 families of lizards 1 family of snake Parental Care • Eggs are usually abandoned • 100 species of reptiles take care of their young l l American alligator Sex is temperature dependent
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