Class Number CS 304 Class Name DBMS Instructor

Class Number – CS 304 Class Name DBMS Instructor – Sanjay Madria Lesson Title – ER Model

Data Modeling Using the Entity-Relationship (ER) Data Model (Based on Chapter 3) * Phases of Database Design * Conceptual Design * E-R model

Figure 3. 1 A simplified diagram to illustrate the main phase of database design.

Database Design and Conceptual Data Model Analogous to analysis phase of software development · Requirement Collection and Analysis · Designers interview database users to understand document data requirements. · Functional Requirements · User defined operations to be applied on the database · Conceptual Design · Conceptual schema; a permanent description of database specifications. · Capture the semantics of the data; description of data, constraints, relationships · No storage details needed

Description in high-level model · Close to the user’ view of mini-world · Abstract concepts · Means of communication between the nontechnical users and the developer • Allows user to influence design and is independent of any particular DBMS.

2 Example COMPANY Database Requirements for the COMPANY Database: -The company is organized into DEPARTMENTs, department has a name, number, and an employee who manages the department. We keep track of the start date of the department manager. A department may have several locations. -Each department controls a number of PROJECTs. Each project has a name, number, and is located at a single location. -We store each EMPLOYEE's social security number, address, salary, sex, and birth date. Each employee works for one department but may work on several projects. .

• We keep track of the number of hours per week that an employee currently works on each project. • We also keep track of the direct supervisor of each employee • Each employee may have a number of DEPENDENTs. • For each dependent, we keep their name, sex, birth date, and relationship to the employee.

3 ER Model Concepts (Popular Conceptual model)

3. 1 Entities and Attributes - Entities are specific objects or things in the mini-world that are represented in the database; for example the EMPLOYEE John Smith, the Research DEPARTMENT, the Product. X PROJECT. -Attributes are properties used to describe an entity; for example an EMPLOYEE entity may have a Name, SSN, Address, Sex, Birth. Date. - A specific entity will have a value for each of its attributes; for example a specific employee entity may have Name='John Smith', SSN='123456789', Address='731 Fondren, Houston, TX', Sex='M', Birth. Date='09 -JAN-55'.

Types of Attributes - Simple: Each entity has a single example SSN or Sex. atomic value for the attribute; for -Composite: The attribute may be composed of several components; for example Address(Apt#, House#, Street, City, State, Zip. Code, Country) or Name(First. Name, Middle. Name, Last. Name). • Composition may form a hierarchy where some components are themselves composite. -Multi-valued: An entity may have multiple values for that attribute; for example Color of a CAR or Previous. Degrees of a STUDENT. Denoted as {Color} or {Previous. Degrees}. -

• In general, composite and multi-valued attributes may be nested arbitrarily to any number of levels although this is rare. • For example, Previous. Degrees of a STUDENT is a composite multi-valued attribute denoted by {Previous. Degrees(College, Year, Degree, Field)}.

Figure 3. 3 Two entities, an employee e 1 and a company c 1, and their attribute values.

Figure 3. 4 A hierarchy of composite attributes; the Street Address component of an Address is further composed of Number, Street, and Apartment Number.

Figure 3. 5 A complex attribute Address. Phone with multivalued and composite components

3. 2 Entity Types and Key Attributes Entities with the same basic attributes are grouped or typed into an entity type. • For example, the EMPLOYEE entity type or the PROJECT entity type. An attribute of an entity type for which each entity must have a unique value is called a key attribute of the entity type. • For example SSN of EMPLOYEE.

• A key attribute may be composite. For example, vehicle Registration Number is a key of the CAR entity type with components (Number, State). • An entity type may have more than one key. For example, the CAR entity type may have two keys: Vehicle. Identification. Number and Vehicle. Registration. Number(Number, State).

Figure 3. 6 Two entity types named EMPLOYEE and COMPANY, and some of the member entities in the collection of entities (or entity set) of each type.

Figure 3. 7 The CAR entity type, with two key attributes Registration and Vehicle. ID. Multivalued attributes are shown between set braces {}. Components of a composite attribute are shown between parentheses ().

Figure 3. 8 Preliminary design of entity types for the COMPANY database whose requirements are described in Section 3. 2

3. 3 Relationships and Relationship Types - A relationship relates two or more distinct entities with a specific meaning • For example, EMPLOYEE John Smith works on the Product. X PROJECT or EMPLOYEE Franklin Wong manages the Research DEPARTMENT. - Relationships of the same type are grouped or typed into a relationship type. • For example, the WORKS_ON relationship type in which EMPLOYEEs and PROJECTs participate, or the MANAGES relationship type in which EMPLOYEEs and DEPARTMENTs participate. -

• The degree of a relationship type is the number of participating entity types. Both MANAGES and WORKS_ON are binary relationships. - More than one relationship type can exist with the same participating entity types - For example, MANAGES and WORKS_FOR are distinct relationships between EMPLOYEE and DEPARTMENT participate.

Figure 3. 9 Some instances of the WORKS_FOR relationship between EMPLOYEE and DEPARTMENT

Class Number – CS 304 Class Name DBMS Instructor – Sanjay Madria Lesson Title – ER Model – 19 th June

Structural constraints on relationships: - Cardinality ratio (of a binary relationship): 1: 1, 1: N, N: 1, or M: N - Participation constraint (on each participating entity type): total (called existence dependency ) or partial.

Figure 3. 12 The 1: 1 relationship MANAGES, with partial participation of employee and total participation of DEPARTMENT

Figure 3. 13 The M: N relationship WORKS_ON between EMPLOYEE and PROJECT.

3. 4 Structural Constraints and Roles - A relationship can relate two entities of type. the same entity For example, a SUPERVISION relationship type relates one EMPLOYEE (in the role of supervisee ) to another EMPLOYEE (in the role of supervisor ). This is called a recursive relationship type. - A relationship type can have attributes For example, Hours. Per. Week of WORKS_ON; its value for each relationship instance describes the number of hours per week that an EMPLOYEE works on a PROJECT.

Figure 3. 11 Recursive relationship SUPERVISION, where the EMPLOYEE entity type plays the two roles of supervisor (1) and supervisee (2)

Figure 3. 2 ER schema diagram for the company database

Alternative (min, max) notation for relationship structural constraints - Specified on each participation of an entity type E in a relationship type R. - Specifies that each entity e in E participates in at least min and at most max relationship instances in R. - Default(no constraint): min=0, max=n. - Must have min<max, min>0, max>1. - Derived from the mini-world constraints.

Examples: (a) A department has exactly one manager and an employee can manage at most one department. - Specify (1, 1) for participation of Department MANAGES - Specify (0, 1) for participation of EMPLOYEE in MANAGES (b) An employee can work for exactly one department but a department can have any number of employees. - Specify (1, 1) for participation of EMPLOYEE in WORKS_FOR - Specify (0, n) for participation of DEPARTMENT in WORKS_FOR

3. 4 Weak Entity Types - An entity type that does not have a key attribute - A weak entity type must participate in an identifying relationship type with an owner or identifying entity type - Entities are identified by the combination of : - A partial key of the weak entity type - The particular entity they are related to in the identifying entity type

Example: Suppose that a DEPENDENT entity is identified by the dependent's first name and birthdate, and the specific EMPLOYEE that the dependent is related to. DEPENDENT is a weak entity type with EMPLOYEE as its identifying entity type via the identifying relationship type DEPENDENT_OF.

Figure 3. 14 Summary of ER diagram notation

Figure 3. 15 ER diagram for the COMPANY schema, with all role names included and with structural constraints on relationships specified using the alternate notation (min, max).

5 Relationships of Higher Degree - Relationship types of degree 2 are called binary - Relationship types of degree 3 are called ternary and of degree n are called n-ary - In general, an n-ary relationship is not equivalent to n binary relationships

Figure 3. 10 Some relationship instances of a ternary relationship SUPPLY

6 Extended Entity-Relationship (EER)Model -Incorporates Set-subset Relationships - Incorporates Generalization Hierarchies - Constraints: - Coverage Constraints: partial vs. total - Disjointedness Constraint: disjoint vs. overlapping

LIMITATIONS OF THE ER MODEL - No relationship may be defined between an entity type and a relationship type - No relationship may be defined between an entity type and a collection of entity types from which any one type may participate (e. g. Entity type 1 : POLICY-HOLDER may be an individual, multiple individuals , one organization, or many organizations Entity type 2 : POLICY ) No constraints (exclusion, co-existence etc. ) among relationship types. (NIAM model, UML class diagrams allow them).

7 Mapping ER and EER Schemas into the Relational Model Steps of The Algorithm (Chapter 9 – pages 290 to 296, Elmasri/Navathe ed. 3) - STEP 1: Map Entity Types - STEP 2: Map Weak Entity Types – draw identifier from parent entity type into weak entity type - Map Relationship Types (STEPS 3 – 5): 1: 1 - options for setting up one, two or three relations 1: N – the many side provides a key to the one side, no new relation M: N – need to set up a separate relation for the relationship - STEP 6: Map multivalued attributes – set up a new relation for each multi-valued attribute - STEP 7: Map higher order relationships (ternary, 4 -way, etc. ) – each higher order relationship become separate relations. - STEP 8: Mapping of generalization hierarchies and set-subset relationships – possiblity of collapsing into one relation vs. as many relations as the number of distinct classes.