Class Aves Feathers No teeth Flexible long neck

Class Aves • Feathers • No teeth • Flexible long neck – One occipital condyle • • Scales on legs Bones with air spaces Endothermic Four chambered heart 1

Bird Classification • 28 orders • 9600 species 2

1) Subclass Archaeornithes - Old birds Ancestral birds; Extinct; (Jurassic Fossils) 2) Subclass Neornithes - New birds i) Superorder Odontognathae - Toothed birds; Extinct; (Cretaceous Fossils) ii) Superorder Paleognathae - "Ancient Jaw" Modern birds with a primitive palate 5 Orders iii) Superorder Neognathae - "New Jaw" Modern birds with a modern (flexible) palate 25 Orders

Subclass Archaeornithes • Old birds • Ancestral birds; Extinct; (Jurassic Fossils) • Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx • Oldest known fossils from late Jurassic period • Bird Characteristics: feathers, hollow bones and furcula (wishbone that stabilized shoulder joint for flight) • Dinosaur Characteristics: teeth, claws on forelimbs and long, bony tail

Superorder Paleognathae a) Reduced keel Order TINAMIFORMES Tinamous b) No keel & flightless (Ratites) Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Ostrich Order RHEIFORMES Rheas Order CASUARIIFORMES Emu & Cassowaries Order DINORNITHIFORMES extinct Order APTERYGIFORMES Kiwis

Order Struthioniformes • Large flightless bird • Two toes 8

iii) Superorder Neognathae - "New Jaw” GALLIFORMES Gallinaceous birds 290 species ANSERIFORMES Waterfowl & Screamers 162 species SPHENISCIFORMES Penguins 17 species GAVIIFORMES Loons 5 species PROCELLARIIFORMES Tubenoses 112 species PODICIPEDIFORMES Grebes 22 species PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Flamingoes 5 species CICONIIFORMES Storks, Herons, Ibises 116 species PELECANIFORMES Full-webbed Swimmers 65 species FALCONIFORMES Diurnal birds of prey 304 species GRUIFORMES Cranes, rails, & allies 212 species CHARADRIIFORMES Shorebirds, gulls, & allies 367 species

COLUMBIFORMES Pigeons & doves 308 species PSITTACIFORMES Parrots 364 species OPISTHOCOMIFORMES Hoatzin 1 species MUSOPHAGIFORMES Turacos 23 species CUCULIFORMES Cuckoos 138 species STRIGIFORMES Owls 180 species CAPRIMULGIFORMES Nightjars & allies 118 species APODIFORMES Swifts & hummingbirds 429 species COLIIFORMES Mousebirds 6 species TROGONIFORMES Trogons 39 species CORACIIFORMES Kingfishers, & allies 209 species PICIFORMES Woodpeckers, & allies 398 species PASSERIFORMES Perching birds 5753 species

ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES • • Heavy body Flightless Flipperlike wings for swimming Well-insulated with fat • Example: penguins

Order Pelecaniformes • Gular sac 14

Order Ciconiiformes • Long legs for wading • Long necks 15

Order Anseriformes • Flat bill • Webbed feet 16

Order Falconiformes • • • Hooked bill Talons Eagle Hawk Falcon 17

Order Passeriformes • • • Perching foot Songbirds 5000 species Mocking bird Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays 18

Order Columbiformes • • Short neck Short legs Pigeons Doves 19

Order Strigiformes • • Large eyes Silent flight Nocturnal predator Owls 20

Order Apodiformes • Small bird • Rapid wingbeat • Hummingbirds 21

Order Galliformes • • Chicken like Strong beaks Heavy feet Chicken Turkey Pheasants Quail 22

Order Charadriiformes • • Short bill Strong fliers Shorebirds Gulls 23

Order Psittaciformes • Thick tongue • Hinged and movable upper beak • Bright colors • Parrots • Parakeets 24

Adaptations for Flight • Honey combed bones – Air cavities – Less weight Copy me 25

Adaptations for Flight • Enlarged sternum – Flight muscle attachment • Long neck – balance Copy me 26

Adaptations for Flight • Wing – lift Copy me 27

Adaptations for Flight • Feathers – Light weight – Strong Copy me 28

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Adaptations for Flight • Reduce body weight – No teeth – No urinary bladder 30

Digestive System • Crop – Storage • Proventriculus – Enzymes • Gizzard – Grind food • Cloaca – Waste – Reproduction 31

Vision • Up to 8 times keener than human vision • Each eye moves indendtantly 32

Respiratory System • Nine air sacs – Connect to lungs and centers of bones – Cools the bird • Fresh air always moving 33