CLASS 9 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY COMPUTER METAPHOR Computer metaphor

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CLASS 9

CLASS 9

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

COMPUTER METAPHOR • Computer metaphor: thinking is simply the processing of information • •

COMPUTER METAPHOR • Computer metaphor: thinking is simply the processing of information • • =

COGNITIVE REVOLUTION • 1960 -1975 • Extended the rigor of learning approaches • Maximizes

COGNITIVE REVOLUTION • 1960 -1975 • Extended the rigor of learning approaches • Maximizes the thinking aspect

What’s in the black box ?

What’s in the black box ?

Here’s what: A FLOW-CHART OF PROCESSES

Here’s what: A FLOW-CHART OF PROCESSES

IMPACT • changed all branches of psychology • gave psychology two Nobel prize winners

IMPACT • changed all branches of psychology • gave psychology two Nobel prize winners

Dan Kahneman • Nobel Prize 2003 • Psychology of attention • Former UBC prof

Dan Kahneman • Nobel Prize 2003 • Psychology of attention • Former UBC prof

Herbert Simon • Nobel Prize 1978 • Memory • Psychology of economics

Herbert Simon • Nobel Prize 1978 • Memory • Psychology of economics

OTHER EXAMPLES of IMPACT • Linguistics – Chomsky – hardwired system • Animal research

OTHER EXAMPLES of IMPACT • Linguistics – Chomsky – hardwired system • Animal research

Social psychology (social cognition) • Q: What social information do we process? • A:

Social psychology (social cognition) • Q: What social information do we process? • A: Salient information – loud, bright, moving, unusual • Q: Who is prejudiced? • A: Everyone – Automatic stereotyping, then controlled inhibition • Hot vs. Cold cognition – Mostly cold -- one hot e. g. is cognitive dissonance

Artificial Intelligence (AI) • A unique product of cognitive revolution • No subjects; no

Artificial Intelligence (AI) • A unique product of cognitive revolution • No subjects; no experiments • AI researchers simulate human thinking with machines • They write computer programs • Assumption: a perfect simulation should reveal nature of human thinking

Chess Playing Programs 1997 IBM’s Deep Blue beats Kasparov

Chess Playing Programs 1997 IBM’s Deep Blue beats Kasparov

General Knowledge programs 2010 IBM’s Watson wins Jeopardy Contest

General Knowledge programs 2010 IBM’s Watson wins Jeopardy Contest

But do computers really think? Yes, if they pass The Turing Test -after Alan

But do computers really think? Yes, if they pass The Turing Test -after Alan Turing -British mathematician -see film ‘The Imitation Game’

- what is the Turing Test? – -human or computer ? Turing Tournaments: Home

- what is the Turing Test? – -human or computer ? Turing Tournaments: Home Page of the Loebner Prize A Turing Test for Computer Game Bots Technology Review

The first chatter-bot ELIZA: computer therapist • Simulates Rogerian therapy • Reflects and encourages

The first chatter-bot ELIZA: computer therapist • Simulates Rogerian therapy • Reflects and encourages more talk

• Let’s try the TURING TEST on ELIZA http: //www. cyberpsych. org/eliza/ http:

• Let’s try the TURING TEST on ELIZA http: //www. cyberpsych. org/eliza/ http: //nlp-addiction. com/eliza/

Better ones ? • A. L. I. C. E. , Mitzuku • Reverse TURING:

Better ones ? • A. L. I. C. E. , Mitzuku • Reverse TURING: • for example • CAPTCHA

Critique of Artificial Intelligence • Can computers ever simulate humans completely ? Cyborgs? •

Critique of Artificial Intelligence • Can computers ever simulate humans completely ? Cyborgs? • If not, what’s missing ? • Can we every program those features?

Be Very Afraid ? HAL-9000 Takes over the spaceship Space Odyssey: 2001

Be Very Afraid ? HAL-9000 Takes over the spaceship Space Odyssey: 2001

Should we be afraid? Deep Blue, Watson & HAL -be careful about what you

Should we be afraid? Deep Blue, Watson & HAL -be careful about what you program !