Class 2 Questions Comments Discuss calendar Article list

Class 2 Questions? Comments? ØDiscuss calendar ØArticle list to be distributed on Tuesday (may have some readings on electronic reserve in future) – Data or theory? ØGroup reconfigurations? ØAdd to calendar: Grad article selection due 4/28/11 ØFinish American Tongues ØApplication 1 ØSome intro stuff

Socioling Slide 1 Class 2 Sociolinguistics ØLike Pragmatics, it’s the study of the use of language ØThe study of language in its social contexts ØSpeech community - group of people who share some set of social conventions (socioling norms) regarding language use - EXAMPLES? ØAccent - pronunciation ØDialect - includes pronunciation (phonological/phonetic), but also includes grammatical, lexical and usage - MFL example ØSome examples of homophones for some -- hock/hawk, caller/collar, cot/caught, calm/com, Don/Dawn

Socioling Slide 2 Class 2 Sociolinguistics ØDialects in North America are mutually intelligible - the differences do not impede communication totally ØDialect continuum – go village by village, from northwestern France to southern Italy and each adjacent village can understand each other, although Parisians cannot understand Romans.

Socioling Slide Class 2 3 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØSocial Factors: ØREGION - what are the major dialects/accents spoken in America? ØSex/Gender ØSocial class ØAge ØEthnicity ØStyle

Socioling Slide 5 Class 2 Sociolinguistics - region What are the different regional accents in your opinion?

Socioling Slide Class 2 6 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change

Socioling Slide Class 2 7 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change

Socioling Slide 9 Class 2 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change – cot vs. caught

Socioling Slide Class 2 11 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØThere are many different varieties - what is correct? Standard English is just one of many different varieties ØLinguistics try to describe these varieties and all the varieties are equal in linguistics terms ØWhat would happen if I said that Standard English meant that you have to distinguish between cot~caught, tot~taught, hock~hawk, Don~dawn, collar~caller? How would that make you feel? ØAre other dialects mutually intelligible – here some sounds here from the Northern Cities area: Northern Cities Shift (not #5)

Socioling Slide Class 2 10 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØRegional difference is post-vocalic r (car, card, guard, etc) ØWilliam Labov - NYC - listen to a New Yorker ØStyle – attitudes about varieties Remember this? ? ? Coffee shop with a sign: “We’re sorry - no blended drinks today. The blender is broke. ” This sign was in Portland area – where would you expect to see it (based on stereotypes – not your opinion if they’re real) [stereotypes based on class/education/income]

Socioling Slide Class 2 10 b Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØStyle and ling change interacts with social class Ø William Labov’s department store study

Socioling Slide Class 2 13* Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØRegional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time ØNorthern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3 mins)

Socioling Slide Class 2 13 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØRegional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time ØNorthern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3 mins)

Socioling Slide Class 2 14* Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØThe Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2 mins; play Eng 3 mins;

Socioling Slide Class 2 14 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØThe Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2 mins; play Eng 3 mins;

Socioling Slide Class 2 15 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØThe California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1: 45; Ontario 2: 15)

Socioling Slide Class 2 15 Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change ØThe California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1: 45; Ontario 2: 15)

Class 2 For next time: Read Wardhaugh Ch 1 and Ch 2