Clade EcdysozoaMolting Animals Ecdysis an escape molting of

Clade Ecdysozoa-Molting Animals Ecdysis- “an escape” -molting of exoskeleton or cuticle Phyla- Nematoda and Arthropoda

Phylum Nematoda 1. Nematodes: roundworms 2. Nemata- “ thread” 3. Bilateral symmetry 4. Tube within a tube structure-mouth and anus 5. 3 germ layers w/ pseudocoelom 6. Smaller than flatworms, taper at both ends

Pseudocoelomate Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Fluid filled cavity between the endoderm and ectodermpseudocoelom Differs from a true coelom because…. • It is not entirely lined with mesoderm tissue • Organs are not suspended or attached to membranes 3 (mesenteries)

Lifestyle 1. Thick outer covering (cuticle) to protect them from harsh environment ex. Stomach acid 2. Move bodies with thrashing motion 3. MOST Free living-Decomposers and predators (tremendously abundant) 4. SOME Parasitic- ex. Ascaris, hookworm, heartworm-host is dog 5. Sexually reproduce: • most are separate sexes • some species are hermaphrodites

Nematodes § Found everywhere § § Soil Oceans Polar ice Hot springs § Parasites of nearly all plant and animal species! 5

Body Systems § No Respiratory or Circulatory Systems- limits size of worm due to distribution of nutrients via osmosis and diffusion § Complete Digestive § Nervous § Muscular § Excretory § Reproductive

Digestive System Complete Digestive Tract§ Mouth § Pharynx § Intestine § anus

Muscular System § Longitudinal muscles only § creates thrashing movement

Nervous System Nerve ring – “brain” Dorsal and ventral nerve cords 9

Excretory System § § § Excretory cells Ducts pores

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nematode Reproductive Systems 11

Dioecious- separate sexes 12

Which is female?

Life cycles of parasitic roundworms ASCARIS • lives in intestines and feeds off blood • ingest eggs from dirty hands or unwashed veggies contaminated with fecal matter • eggs hatch in intestines and enter bloodstream • larval worms bore into lungs, must be coughed up and swallowed • move to intestines where they mature • Animal planet. com. Baylisascaris, brain eating parasite

TRICHINELLA • bore into muscles causing painful cysts or live in intestines • ingest cysts in undercooked/raw meat (usually pork) • cysts open up in intestines and reproduce there • Animal planet- “worms borrow through flesh”

HOOKWORMS • lives in intestines • feeds on blood, causes major damage to intestines • eggs deposited on soil from contaminated wastes • larvae live in soil • burrow into feet or exposed skin of host • larvae travel through bloodstream, to lungs, coughed up, swallowed • attach to intestinal wall where they mature • Ap. com- “flesh eating hookworm”“worms crawling under

PINWORMS • most commonly infects children • lives in intestines • ingest eggs from contaminated soil or sand • hatch in intestines • female lays eggs near anus at night causing severe itching

Wuchereria bancrofti § Lives in lymphatic system § Vector- mosquito § Daytime-worms in lungs § Night-move to skin § Obstruct lymph to cause swelling § Mild- Filariasis § Severe- Elephantiasis 19

Elephantiasis Ap. com- “Parasite causes elephantiasis” “ 40 year parasite” 20

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Life Cycle of Wucheria spp. Fig. 11. 15 11 -13 Source: Redrawn From Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA. 21

Loa loa § § § Eye worm River blindness 2 nd leading cause of blindness Vector- deer fly or black fly Ap. com- “river blindness”, “worms in my eye” https: //www. youtube. c om/watch? v=nk. Ek. DH OQTLs 22 22

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Dracunculus medinesis § Fiery serpent § Water contaminated with copepods carrying larva § Females migrate towards legs § Juveniles form blisters and exit via skin 24

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Dirofilaria immitis § Dog heart worm 26

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The End 29