CJ Chapter 9 Pretrial Procedures The Adversary System

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CJ Chapter 9 Pretrial Procedures: The Adversary System in Action © 2011 Cengage Learning

CJ Chapter 9 Pretrial Procedures: The Adversary System in Action © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcomes LO 1: List the different names given to public prosecutors and indicate

Learning Outcomes LO 1: List the different names given to public prosecutors and indicate the general powers that they have. LO 2: Delineate the responsibilities of defense attorneys LO 3: List the three basic features of an adversary system of justice. LO 4: Explain how a prosecutor screens potential cases. LO 5: List and briefly explain the different forms of plea bargaining agreements. © 2011 Cengage Learning

L 1 O List the different names given to public prosecutors and indicate the

L 1 O List the different names given to public prosecutors and indicate the general powers that they have. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 1 • Criminal cases are tried by public prosecutors, who are employed

Learning Outcome 1 • Criminal cases are tried by public prosecutors, who are employed by the government. • Referred to as prosecuting attorneys, district attorneys, county attorneys, or city attorneys. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 1 Prosecutor’s discretion in the pretrial phase includes: • Whether an arrested

Learning Outcome 1 Prosecutor’s discretion in the pretrial phase includes: • Whether an arrested individual will be charged with a crime • The level of the charges • If and when to stop the prosecution. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 1 • The attorney general is the chief law enforcement officer of

Learning Outcome 1 • The attorney general is the chief law enforcement officer of the state. • Each jurisdiction has a chief prosecutor who is appointed, or more often, elected. © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: Duke Sex Scandal © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: Duke Sex Scandal © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: Duke Ethics © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: Duke Ethics © 2011 Cengage Learning

L 2 O Delineate the responsibilities of defense attorneys. © 2011 Cengage Learning

L 2 O Delineate the responsibilities of defense attorneys. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 2 • Provides legal representation to criminal defendants during the court process.

Learning Outcome 2 • Provides legal representation to criminal defendants during the court process. • Responsibilities include: – Investigating the incident for which the defendant has been charged. – Communicating with the prosecutor, which includes negotiating plea bargains – Preparing the case for trial. – Submitting defense motions, including motions to suppress evidence. – Representing the defendant at trial. – Negotiating a sentence, if the client has been convicted. – Determining whether to appeal a guilty verdict © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 2 There are two types of defense attorneys: • Private attorneys •

Learning Outcome 2 There are two types of defense attorneys: • Private attorneys • Public defenders – Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – In re Gault (1967) – Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972) © 2011 Cengage Learning

CAREERPREP Public Defender Job Description: Interview low-income applicants for legal services and, if they

CAREERPREP Public Defender Job Description: Interview low-income applicants for legal services and, if they are eligible, engage in negotiation, trial, and/or appeal of legal issues on their behalf. Exercise initiative, sound judgment, and creativity in attempting to solve the legal problems of the poor. What Kind of Training Is Required? A law degree and membership in the relevant state bar association. Commitment and dedication to the needs of low-income and elderly clients. Annual Salary Range? $44, 000–$92, 000 For additional information, visit: www. nlada. org/Jobs. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 2 Effectiveness of Public Defenders • According to Supreme Court “a defendant

Learning Outcome 2 Effectiveness of Public Defenders • According to Supreme Court “a defendant may not insist on an attorney he cannot afford. ” • The Strickland Standard – Two pronged test for sufficient defense: • Show that attorney’s performance was deficient • Show that deficiency more likely than not caused defendant to lose the case © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 2 Attorney-Client Privilege • Privilege rules require that communication between a client

Learning Outcome 2 Attorney-Client Privilege • Privilege rules require that communication between a client and lawyer be kept confidential. • Privilege does not stop at confessions. • United States v. Zolin (1989) – Lawyers can disclose communication with a client if client provides information about a crime that has yet to be committed. © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: Jackson Trial Wrap © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: Jackson Trial Wrap © 2011 Cengage Learning

L 3 O List the three basic features of an adversary system of justice.

L 3 O List the three basic features of an adversary system of justice. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 3 Three basic features of the adversary system: • A neutral and

Learning Outcome 3 Three basic features of the adversary system: • A neutral and passive decision-maker, either the judge or the jury • The presentation of evidence from both parties • A highly structured set of procedures that must be followed © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 3 • The initial hearing is the first step after arrest. •

Learning Outcome 3 • The initial hearing is the first step after arrest. • During the appearance, the defendant is – Informed of the charges – Advised of right to counsel – Told the amount of bail – Given a date for the preliminary hearing © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: BTK Preliminary Hearing © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: BTK Preliminary Hearing © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 3 In most felony cases, defendant is released only after paying bail.

Learning Outcome 3 In most felony cases, defendant is released only after paying bail. • Bail is provided for under the 8 th amendment. • Amount of bail must be reasonable compared with the crime. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 3 Factors for setting bail: • The crime • The evidence •

Learning Outcome 3 Factors for setting bail: • The crime • The evidence • Defendant’s record • Flight risk • General character © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 3 Factors for setting bail: • Uncertainty • Risk • Overcrowded jails

Learning Outcome 3 Factors for setting bail: • Uncertainty • Risk • Overcrowded jails © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 6 © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 6 © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 3 • Release on recognizance (ROR – Alternative to bail – The

Learning Outcome 3 • Release on recognizance (ROR – Alternative to bail – The judge decides that defendant is not a flight risk and does not pose threat to community. • Property bonds – Paying bail with property, rather than cash. • Bail bond agent – An agent that posts bail on behalf of defendant. – Promises to pay full amount of bail if defendant does not show up to court. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 3 • Preventive Detention: – Allows judges to deny bail to suspects

Learning Outcome 3 • Preventive Detention: – Allows judges to deny bail to suspects with prior records. – The Bail Reform Act of 1984 – United States v. Salerno (1987) © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: Courtney Love © 2011 Cengage Learning

ABC Video: Courtney Love © 2011 Cengage Learning

L 4 O Explain how a prosecutor screens potential cases. © 2011 Cengage Learning

L 4 O Explain how a prosecutor screens potential cases. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 4 Preliminary Hearing: • Initial hearing where the judge determines if probable

Learning Outcome 4 Preliminary Hearing: • Initial hearing where the judge determines if probable cause is present • Conducted as a mini-trial • Begins the process of discovery – gives defense attorney access to evidence • Defense attorneys often advise defendants to waive the hearing. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 4 Grand Jury • Group of citizens who decide whether probable cause

Learning Outcome 4 Grand Jury • Group of citizens who decide whether probable cause exists • Issues an indictment if it decides there is probable cause. • Acts as a “shield” and “sword” • Criticized for being prosecutors’ “rubber stamp” © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 4 • • Case attrition is the decision by the prosecutor not

Learning Outcome 4 • • Case attrition is the decision by the prosecutor not to prosecute the defendant (nolle prosequi) Scarce resources Screening factors Sufficient evidence Case priorities Uncooperative victims Unreliability of victims Defendant who is willing to testify against other offenders © 2011 Cengage Learning

© 2011 Cengage Learning

© 2011 Cengage Learning

L 5 O List and briefly explain the different forms of plea bargaining agreements.

L 5 O List and briefly explain the different forms of plea bargaining agreements. © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 5 At the arraignment… • Defendant responds to charges with a plea:

Learning Outcome 5 At the arraignment… • Defendant responds to charges with a plea: – Guilty – Not Guilty – Nolo Contendre (No contest) © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 5 Plea bargaining • Process by which the accused and prosecution work

Learning Outcome 5 Plea bargaining • Process by which the accused and prosecution work out a mutually satisfactory disposition. – Charge bargaining – Sentence bargaining – Count bargaining © 2011 Cengage Learning

Learning Outcome 5 Motivations for Plea Bargaining • The Prosecutor wants a conviction •

Learning Outcome 5 Motivations for Plea Bargaining • The Prosecutor wants a conviction • Defense Counsel wants best outcome for the defendant • The Defendant wants some measure of control over the outcome © 2011 Cengage Learning

Source: Adapted from Bureau of Justice Statistics, State Court Sentencing of Convicted Felons, 2004

Source: Adapted from Bureau of Justice Statistics, State Court Sentencing of Convicted Felons, 2004 (Washington, D. C. : U. S. Department of Justice, July 2007), at www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/pub/html/scscf 04/tables/scs 04404 tab. htm. © 2011 Cengage Learning