Civil War The North Vs The South Lesson

Civil War The North Vs. The South

Lesson 1 The Early Stages of War • Main Idea – In the early years of the Civil War, the North and South formed strategies in hopes of gaining a quick victory.

Confederate States of America • Between April and May of 1861, 4 more southern states seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America. • Confederate States of America included: § South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina.

Advantages and Disadvantages The North had better access to supplies and transportation. The South felt its soldiers were better prepared to fight. North South Urban Rural 2, 000 soldiers 750, 000 soldiers 20, 000 population 9, 000 population 100, 000 factories 1, 500, 000 farms 23 states 11 states

Union Strategies President Lincoln asked General Winfield Scott for help with strategies to win the war. • Scott planned a strategy with three parts. His strategy was called the Anaconda Plan, because he said that it would squeeze the Confederacy like an anaconda. • § 1 st – A blockade of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to keep people and supplies from moving; especially important to keep cotton from being sold to Britain. § 2 nd – Capture territory along the Mississippi River to cut the Southern States in half. § 3 rd – Attack the Confederacy from the east and west.

Confederate Strategies • The Confederate government had its own strategy for victory. § 1 st – They believed that they only had to defend their territory until the Northerners got tired and gave up. § 2 nd – They believed that Britain would help in the war because they thought that British clothing mills depended on Southern cotton. § They were defending their homes and their way of life. They also had the advantage of trained military leaders.

Battle of Bull Run In 1861, Union troops met Confederate troops at a small stream called Bull Run near the town of Manassas Junction, VA. • Bull Run was the first battle after Fort Sumter. A Confederate General, Stonewall Jackson, earned his nickname because his line held strong and sent the North running. •

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson General “Stonewall “ Jackson served in the Confederate Army. His ideas about fighting the Union led to many Confederate victories. At the battle of Chancellorsville in 1863, Jackson was shot by his own men who mistook him for a Union cavalryman. He died seven days later.

Technology and War • • New technologies were used and developed during the Civil War. Rifles could shoot farther and more accurately. Repeating rifles made their debut. Railroads quickly moved troops and supplies. Submarines were used by the Confederates to overcome the Union’s blockade. Early versions of the hand grenade were used. The Ironclad, or iron covered ships were used. Cannonballs just bounced off the iron sides.

More Technologies Military telegrams were used. • Aerial reconnaissance was used with hot air balloons. • Photography was used for the first time to record the carnage of war. •

Advancements in Medicine • • Medical knowledge had not advanced as much as other technologies. Hygiene in the field hospitals was basically non-existent. For every soldier killed in battle, four died of sickness and disease. Amputation was widely used. There was a shortage of both doctors and nurses.

Lesson 2 Life During the War • Main Idea – As the Civil War continued, people in the North and the South suffered many hardships, including the growing loss of life.

Economic Problems Money Earned Cost of Housing Soldiers: $1 -$20 per month Small farmhouse= $2500. 00 Farmers (South): $8. 20 per month Large country house= $14, 000. 00 Blacksmith: $18. 00 per month Rental house in city= $500. 00 per year Teachers: $150 per month Stable=$15. 00 per year Goods 1861 1865 Flour (barrel) $6. 00 $1, 000. 00 Salt (box) $. 03 $100. 00 Coffee (pound) $. 35 $60. 00 Butter (pound) $. 20 $20. 00 Bacon (pound) $. 12 $13. 00

Economic Problems • • • Scarcity of goods made life difficult for citizens during the Civil War Trade was cut off between the North and the South. Northern ships also blocked most European ships from trading with the South. Not only did citizens not have enough goods, but neither did the soldiers on both sides of the war. The demand for limited supplies caused people to pay a higher price. Consumers ended up paying more for goods because of the war. Mostly they went without.

Life for Soldiers • • • Families learned about the war from soldier’s letters and newspaper articles. They could also see the horrors of war battles due to a new technology - photography. Boys as young as 12 could join the war as Drummer Boys. A soldier’s life was hard even when he was not in battle. Soldiers might march 25 miles a day carrying 50 pounds of supplies in backpacks. Soldiers wore out their shoes and often fought in bare feet. Soldiers on both sides were unhappy with the food. They were given beans, bacon, pickled beef, salt pork, and a tough flour biscuit called “hardtack”.

Life for Soldiers Those soldiers who survived being wounded risked losing their lives to sickness and disease spread throughout the camp. • Soldiers who were captured were prisoners of war. Prisoners were mistreated by guards and often starved to death. • About 56, 000 soldiers from both sides died while held as prisoners of war. •

A Day in the Life of a Soldier

Draft • • • As the war continued, volunteers decreased. Both sides passed draft laws. A “Draft” requires men of a certain age to serve in the military if they are called. Confederates who owned 20 or more slaves could pay substitutes to fight for them. Losses on each side were terrible. One million Union and Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded.

The Emancipation Proclamation • In January, President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. It was an order declaring all slaves free. • The Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the border states or in Confederate land that Union forces already controlled. It did declare an end to slavery in the rest of the Confederacy, but without Union control, most African Americans remained enslaved. • This changed the focus of the war. The war started to preserve the Union, but by 1863 the war was focused on enforcing the freedom of the slaves.

African Americans in the War In the beginning of the war, African Americans were not allowed to join the army. But they did serve as cooks, servants, and other workers. • They were first allowed to join the Union army in 1862. • § They were not treated the same as whites. § They received less pay. § They had to buy their own uniforms, while white soldiers did not.

th 107 U. S. Colored Infantry

Women in the War • • • Women contributed to the war in many ways. They ran farms and businesses while the men were fighting in the war. Some disguised themselves as men so they could fight in the war. Some women became spies. They often hid weapons and documents in their large hoop skirts. Women sewed clothing, rolled bandages, and sent any spare food to the armies. Women worked in hospitals as nurses. Clara Barton was nicknamed “Angel of the Battlefield” as she cared for wounded soldiers during the first battle of Bull Run.

Role of Women in the War

The War Goes On By 1863, both sides were tired of the war. • They were tired of: • § The lack of supplies, § delays in pay, § sleeping uncovered in the rain, and § the terrible deaths of friends and family. • By 1863, some soldiers were refusing to go to war. Thousands of men deserted, or left their military duty without permission.

Lesson 3 How the North Won • Main Idea – A series of Northern victories led to the end of the Civil War by 1865.

The Battle of Gettysburg • One of the most important battles of the Civil War was the three day battle in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. § On the first day, the Confederates, led by Gen. Robert E. Lee pushed the Union troops, led by Gen. George Meade, back but they did not follow up quickly on their attack. § By the second day, more Union soldiers had arrived. The Confederates attacked again, but the Union held their ground.

Battle of Gettysburg § On the third day, the Confederates led an attack known as “Pickett’s Charge. ” Thousands of Confederate soldiers marched up a hill in the open. More than 5, 000 Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded, and hundreds were captured. § The Battle of Gettysburg was an important victory for the North. § It was a costly battle for both sides. The Union had more than 23, 000 deaths. The Confederates suffered more than 28, 000 deaths. § The Confederate Army never recovered from the loss.

Leading Generals • Robert E. Lee served in the Union Army before the Civil War began. He resigned to become the leading general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in 1860. By 1865, he had become the commander in chief of the entire Confederate Army. • Ulysses S. Grant was appointed general in chief of the Union Army by President Lincoln in 1864. He planned to end the South by destroying everything needed to survive. He accepted Lee’s surrender in 1865.

The Gettysburg Address • Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address dedicating the battlefield as a national cemetery in November 1863.

The Atlanta Campaign • • • From July to September, General Sherman battled for control of Atlanta. Sherman used a method of warfare called total war. The aim of total war is to destroy not just the opposing army, but the people’s will to fight. From November 15 to December 21, General Sherman “marched to the sea. ” He destroyed everything in his path and cut off the Confederacy from their supplies. He left a path of destruction 300 miles long and 60 miles wide. On December 22, Savannah fell to Union forces. Sherman turned north toward South Carolina. This critical battle led to the decline of the Confederacy and to the reelection of Abraham Lincoln.

General Sherman’s March to the Sea Atlanta 1864 Photos used from

Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia • • • In April 1865, Grant’s Union army met Lee’s Confederate army in Virginia. With his army starving, Lee was trapped. Lee surrendered to General Grant at the Mc. Lean house in Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. Grant’s terms of surrender were very lenient to the South. On April 14, 1865, just 5 days after Lee surrendered, President Lincoln was assassinated. In May, the remaining Confederates surrendered and the nation was re-united.

The Mc. Lean House

The War Ends President Lincoln expressed sympathy for the South. • President Lincoln wanted the country to be rebuilt. He had a plan to heal the nation’s deep divisions, but he would never see his plans carried out. • He was assassinated by a Southern sympathizer named John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at the Ford’s Theater. •

John Wilkes Booth He used his profession as a stage actor, as a means of getting close to and succeeding in shooting President Abraham Lincoln while he attended a play at the Ford’s Theater.

• • Effects of War The Civil War was the most destructive war in U. S. history. 620, 000 Americans had died in the war. Towns, farms, and industries, as well as roads, bridges, and railroads in the South were in ruins. The North’s environment was mostly unharmed. Wealthy Southerners were broke. They had no money to plant crops as they had in the past. The enslaved were free, but had no where to go. The South would never be the same. Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy, was captured by Union troops and imprisoned for 2 years. He was charged with treason- but never tried.

Jefferson Davis