Civil War The American Civil War From 1861

Civil War

The American Civil War From 1861, to 1865, for four long years Americans fought and killed one another

The Civil War Who was involved? #1 The Confederate States of America 3

The Civil War Who was involved? #2 The Union (Free States & Territories) 4

The Civil War Who was involved? #3 The Border States 5

The Civil War “I hope to have God on my side but I have to have Kentucky” -- Abraham Lincoln Why were the Border States so important? • Important geographically Why were the Border States so unusual? • Slave states that stayed with the Union 6

Northern Advantages: The North had a larger population than the South: North: 21. 5 million South: 9 million The North had more miles of railroads than the South: North: 21, 700 miles South: 9000 miles The North had more factories than the South: North: 110, 100 South: 20, 600

Anaconda Plan 3 part plan to attempt to choke the CSA to death Naval blockage of Southern ports Capture the Mississippi and split the Confederacy in half Capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA

Anaconda Plan Winfield Scott General-In-Chief

Southern Advantages: Leadership: Most of the countries military colleges were in the south Most officers sided with the south South had a military tradition. Military Tactics: The South had to only repel the North’s attacks Did not have to attack or conquer the North. South knew the terrain Morale: Southerners were fighting for their way of life Fighting to protect their homes from Northern aggression.

3 Theatres Eastern (Virginia) Western (Mississippi River) Southern

Eastern Theatre

Abraham Lincoln “A House divided against itself cannot stand” – -- A. Lincoln Little political experience (served 1 term in the House of Representatives) Strong reputation for honesty, temperance, jokes and storytelling 13

Northern Commanders George G. Meade Joseph Hooker Irwin Mc. Dowell George Mc. Clellan 14 A. E. Burnside

Northern Commanders Ulysses S. Grant “When in doubt, fight” ---U. S. Grant Son of an Ohio tailor & drunken failure until the Civil War Reputation for boldness, resourcefulness, & persistence 15

Jefferson Davis “All we ask is to be left alone” -- J. Davis West Point graduate, Colonel in Mexican-American war, Secretary of war, & Senator from Mississippi Not a popular president, especially with big fans of state’s rights 16

Southern Commander Robert E. Lee “It is a good thing war is so terrible; else we should grow too fond of it” -- R. E. Lee Brilliant southern gentleman from one of country’s oldest families Offered command of Union armies Family plantation occupied early in the war and turned into Arlington National Cemetery 17

So how did it begin? Fort Sumter lies in the harbor of Charleston, S. C. 18

Civil War Battles Fort Sumter, SC – Feb 4, 1861 1 st battle of the Civil War Union fort taken control of the Confederacy Following battle VA, AR, NC, TN seceded Slave states of MD, DE, KY, and MO remain in the Union

Civil War Battles

The Confederate States of America South Carolina Mississippi Florida Louisiana Alabama Georgia Texas

Secession: • In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, forming the Confederate States of America. Original Confederate flag will change

Civil War: Union vs. Confederacy

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

First Battle of Bull Run, VA (1 st Manassas) July 21, 1861 CSA led by General Stonewall Jackson Never lost a battle USA led by General Irvin Mc. Dowell Loses command after battle to General George Mc. Clellan Both sides were not prepared for war. Both sides had very inexperienced troops. Southern Victory Importance: Both sides and spectators realized that the war was not going to be over in a few months CSA realized they could win

Generals at Bull Run General Irwin Mc. Dowell vs. General PGT Beauregard

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, TN Feb, 1862 USA led by Gen. Ulysses S Grant against CSA Gen. Tilghman and Gen. Johnston Importance Grant captures strategic forts on Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers opening avenue’s to attack the South Grant calls for unconditional surrender

Writ of Habeas Corpus With Congress not in session until July, Lincoln assumed all powers not delegated in the Constitution, including the power to suspend habeas corpus. Writ of Habeas Corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prison, or other place of confinement by any military authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or Military Commission. On Feb. 14, 1862, the Lincoln administration ended the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus and issued an amnesty to political or state prisoners no longer deemed dangerous. Finally, in 1866, after the war, the Supreme Court officially restored habeas corpus.

Writ of Habeas Corpus The act of holding prisoners without bringing them before a judge Violation of a person’s rights Can lead to false imprisonment

Battle of Shiloh, TN Mar – April 1862 USA led by Grant CSA led by A. S. Johnston One of the bloodiest battles in the war. More than 100, 000 killed, wounded, or captured; or 1/4 of all those who fought Day one was won by the CSA on surprise attack, day two was one by the USA. Importance: Typical of the war, North would win with reinforcements and greater numbers. Showed importance of sending scouts, digging trenches, and building fortifications

2 nd Battle of Bull Run, VA (2 nd Manassas) Aug 29 -30, 1862 Union led by Gen. John Pope CSA led by Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson and James Longstreet Importance: Decisive victory for the South Builds momentum for the South

Battle of Antietam September 1862

Battle of Antietam, MD (Sharpsburg) September 17, 1862 Single bloodiest day of the war – 26 K killed A Union soldier found Lee’s battle plan used as wrapper for three cigars Lee attacks into the north Lee splits his army and is overrun Mc. Clellan fails to follow Lee and finish off his army Battle was a draw Importance: Mc. Clellan is fired by Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after this battle.

Abraham Lincoln at Antietam

Emancipation Proclamation July 1, 1863 Lincoln passes the edict through Congress freeing the slaves in area in rebellion against the Union Practically a useless document, because the CSA had denounced Lincoln’s authority in the South Symbolically it is VERY important Changes the purpose of the war to ending slavery

Emancipation Proclamation It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union. It did not free slaves in border states.

Fredericksburg, VA Dec 13, 1862 Bloody victory for CSA General Lee over USA General Ambrose Burnside replaced in command by Joseph Hooker because of the failure to win.

Chancellorsville, VA May 1 -4, 1863 Another Southern victory JEB Steward commander of the CSA Calvary forces is the hero Stonewall Jackson shot by friendly fire and dies 8 days later Huge moral blow to CSA

Change of Strategy After Chancellorsville, Lee decides to go on the offensive to relieve pressure Lee once again attempts to take the North by moving his troops into Union territory

The Battle of Atlanta or The March to the Sea Union General Sherman led army south from Tennessee into Georgia Pushed to Atlanta, the railroad center of the South Much of Georgia Burned to the ground Goal was to destroy everything that could help the South in the war Burned homes, stores, crops, animals, bridges, railroad tracks…. everything! Savannah fell to the Union on Dec. 22, 1864

Sherman’s March Major General William Tecumseh Sherman On November 12, 1864, Sherman marched out of Atlanta toward the Atlantic coast. Tracing a line of march between Macon and Augusta, he carved a sixty-mile wide swath of destruction in the Confederacy's heartland.

Battle of Vicksburg – July 1863 Gen. Albert Johnson Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

Grant’s Most Important Battle Vicksburg, Mississippi Surrounded and lay siege to the city. Starved the people into surrender Key Victory Gave Union control of the Mississippi River Lincoln gave Grant command of ALL Union troops!

Gettysburg – Turning Point Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory July 1 -3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa. Confed. bombardment; Union held firm On July 3, General Pickett led 15, 000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= "Pickett’s Charge") Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.

Battle of Gettysburg • Turing point of the war • Bloodiest battle of the war • Famous speech given after the battle

Gettysburg Address “That from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. ” Abe Lincoln

Where did the Civil War end? Appomattox Court House, Virginia Confederate General Robert E. Lee ________ surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant __________.

Lee Surrenders Lee’s Confederate Grant’s Union troops Starving and clothes were rags Trapped Forced to surrender at the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 troops Well-fed and well supplied Surrounded the Confederate soldiers THE WAR WAS OVER!

Technology made the Civil War

Monitor vs. Merrimack The CSA developed the first ironclad ship. The USA developed an ironclad in response. The two ships met in battle, neither was able to damage the other. Importance: New technology in naval warfare

More efficient and deadly

First metal ships in world!

Blacks in the Military After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army Initially they were only used for manual labor Eventually, Blacks saw live Robert Gould Shaw combat 54 th regiment out of Massachusetts

The 54 th Regiment attack on Fort Wagner, SC- July 18, 1863

Over 618, 000 military deaths during Civil War.

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR Creation of a single unified country Abolition of slavery Increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights U. S. now an industrial nation A stronger sense of nationalism West the lands increasingly opened to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, with the plantation system crippled. . . thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U. S. ) - but a deep hatred of the North remained. . .