Civil War Part Two Chapter 14 Civil War

Civil War – Part Two Chapter 14

Civil War: Life during the War What were the causes and effects of the Emancipation Proclamation? President Lincoln realized how important slavery was to the South’s war effort. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in the Confederacy. His actions altered the nature of the war, the lives of African Americans, and the future of the United States.

President Lincoln feared that any action to emancipate slaves might make the border states secede. In a letter to Horace Greeley, Lincoln made it clear that his main goal was to restore the Union, even if it meant letting slavery continue. Lincoln gradually changed his mind as he realized how important slavery was to the South’s war strategy.

On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. The document freed slaves in areas that were fighting the Union. The Union had no power in these places. Few slaves were freed at first.

Lincoln’s proclamation did not apply to the border states or to areas under Union control.

The proclamation was both criticized and praised. Union soldiers supported it because it weakened the South. White southerners said Lincoln was trying to start a slave revolt. Abolitionists said it should be applied throughout the country.

The Emancipation Proclamation had important effects. The Civil War became a struggle for freedom. Effects of the Proclamation Britain would not support the South. African Americans united in support of the war.

• Emancipation: Freeing of the slaves • Proclamation: An official statement or announcement made by a person in power. • Emancipation Proclamation: The order given by Lincoln to free Confederate slaves (issued in 1862, effective Jan. 1, 1863). • Abraham Lincoln (President): • Issued the Emancipation Proclamation • Set in motion the C. W. • Was determined to preserve the Union

Following the Emancipation Proclamation, northern African Americans were allowed to serve in the military.

Also, black and white soldiers were not treated as equals. • African American soldiers served in all-black army regiments under white officers. • The black soldiers earned less pay than the white soldiers.

• Contrabands: escaped slaves or those linked with Union forces. • 54 th Massachusetts Infantry: African American Civil War regiment who captured Ft. Wagner in South Carolina.

The Emancipation Proclamation changed the focus of the Civil War and, thus, the future of the United States. The fight was now about abolishing slavery. After the war, the Thirteenth Amendment banned slavery throughout the nation.

In addition to dividing the nation, the Civil War also caused divisions within the North and South. Not all northerners supported a war to end slavery. Not all white southerners supported a war to defend slavery or secession.

Northerners were also divided over the war. Many opposed the Emancipation Proclamation. Some believed the South had a right to secede. Those who opposed the war were strongest in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. Others blamed Lincoln and the Republicans forcing the war.

• Think about this…. • 54 th Mass. Infantry (quick clip – history channel) • http: //www. history. com/topics/american-civil-war/the-54 thmassachusetts-infantry/videos/massachusetts-54 thregiment? m=528 e 394 da 93 ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

Northern Democrats who opposed the war were called Copperheads were seen as a threat to the Union.

• Copperheads: mid-westerners that sympathized with the South and opposed abolition (were against freeing the slaves). • Habeas Corpus: A Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment (suspended during the war). • Draft: A system where young people are required to join the armed forces for a period of time. • Illness during the War: Twice as many soldiers died of illness as died in combat.

People on both sides tried to disrupt the war effort. Some tactics included: • preventing men from volunteering for duty • encouraging soldiers to desert • helping prisoners escape • creating peace groups Both Lincoln and Davis responded by suspending habeas corpus in some places during the war.

Desertion was a major problem on both sides – the act of illegally leaving the armed forces. Both sides instituted a draft to meet the need for troops. Location Who Served Time North White men ages 20 to 45 3 years South White men ages 18 to 35 (later changed to 50) 3 years

Both sides allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve in their place. Wealthy people were able to avoid the draft. Poor men could not avoid the draft. This led to violent riots in the North.

The war was costly for both sides. The South was less able than the North to bear these costs. **Numbers represent today’s dollars

Paying for the War The Union took two major steps to pay the costs of fighting the war. Congress levied the first income tax in August 1861. The Union printed $400 million of paper money. This led to inflation, or a general rise in prices.

Barriers to women especially fell in the field of nursing. Clara Barton, a Union nurse, set up the American Red Cross. Elizabeth Blackwell trained nurses for the Union army. Clara Barton Harriet Tubman, who led many slaves to freedom, served as a Union nurse.

• Clara Barton: • Founder of the American Red Cross. • Cared for Union Soldiers during the Civil War. • Prisoners of War: Conditions were terrible, little shelter, food, clothing and starvation/diseases killed thousands. Clara Barton

Two key battles in 1863 turned the tide of the war for the Union—Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

The first decisive battle took place in the tiny town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The battle started when Union soldiers discovered Confederates raiding a shoe factory. General Lee lost nearly one-third of his troops in the three-day battle.

• Casualties: A member of the armed forces who died from – wound, illness, capture or has yet to be found. • Battle of Gettysburg: A key battle that turned the tide against the Confederates. • Reminds you of: Union Victory, Location = North • George Pickett: • General for Confederate army. Failed at the Battle of Gettysburg. • Pickett’s Charge: A failed Confederate charge during the Battle of Gettysburg.

The South also suffered a major loss in Vicksburg. For six weeks, Grant laid siege to the town. Residents hid in caves and ate rats to keep from starving. In July 1863, the Confederates gave up.

In November 1863, 15, 000 people gathered at Gettysburg to honor the soldiers who died there. In his Gettysburg Address, Lincoln looked ahead to a final Union victory. Gettysburg Address “We here highly resolve that…this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom…. ”

• Gettysburg Address: Speech given by Lincoln, praised the bravery of Union Soldiers and committed to winning the Civil War, with the purpose of dedicating the national cemetery.

In 1864, President Lincoln gave command of all Union forces to General Ulysses S. Grant’s huge army began hammering at the Confederates in a series of battles. Lee began running out of men and supplies, but Grant had a steady stream of both.

Meanwhile, General William Tecumseh Sherman led another Union army toward Atlanta. Sherman was a tough soldier who believed in total war. Sherman’s troops captured Atlanta, and Sherman ordered it to be burned.

• William Tecumseh Sherman: • • Am. Union officer Famous march to sea Captured Atlanta, GA Used Total War • Total War: Destroying civilian and economic resources (destroying everything in their path). • Reminds you of: Sherman’s march • Could this be a reason the South lost the C. W. ? ? ?

From Atlanta, they moved east, destroying everything in their path. (Total War). This is known as Sherman’s March to the Sea.

On April 9, 1865, Confederate General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House. Grant offered Lee generous terms. The Confederates had only to give up their weapons and leave in peace.

• Appomattox Courthouse: Where General Lee (Confederate) surrendered to General Grant (Union), ending the Civil War. • Reminds you of: Union Won

The Civil War was the bloodiest conflict the U. S. has ever fought.

The Civil War had two key results. It reunited the nation. It put an end to slavery. However, African Americans would not begin to experience full freedom for another 100 years.

Civil War Amendments – Reconstruction Amendments The Thirteenth Amendment (proposed and ratified in 1865) abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment (proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868) provides a broad definition of national citizenship, overturning the Dred Scott case, which excluded African Americans. It requires the states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons (not only to citizens) within their jurisdictions. The Fifteenth Amendment (ratified in 1870) grants voting rights regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude” to men only.