Civil War Election of 1860 Civil War Election
- Slides: 24
Civil War Election of 1860 – Civil War
Election of 1860 • 1. “Know Nothings” emerge as a political presence (nativists, always claim “I know nothing” we pressed on their organization) • * Republican Party is born in 1854, under leadership of Horace Greely • Lincoln emerges as a political force through the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, turns Republican
• Results • Lincoln wins • 40% of popular vote • 60% of electoral vote • 4 candidates • Abraham Lincoln • John Bell Hood • Stephen Douglas • John C. Breckinridge • Lincoln receives 0 southern electoral votes, yet still becomes President.
Secession Movement • Outraged by the lack of electoral votes the southern states begin to leave the union in protest. • Dec. 20, 1860 : SC leaves 1 st • GA leaves next • Other states follow • Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Mississippi, Texas, Louisiana, Virginia leaves after Ft. Sumter is attacked • Feb. 1861 the Confederate States of American (CSA) is formed • Modeled after US const. except state independence and secession • Protection of slavery • Opposed slave trade • Chose Jefferson Davis as President
Advantages and Disadvantages North Population Rail Roads Industrial Output South
II. Emergency Powers of the President Lincoln • 1. Suspension of habeas corpus: ability to hold political prisoners throughout the duration of the war. Fear of Confederate sympathizers.
• . Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln resisted making the abolition of slaves a Union goal • He opposed slavery, but did not think he had the legal authority to end it • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to end slavery and make southerners have to work rather than fight • The Emancipation Proclamation officially made the abolition of slavery a Union goal (No longer interested in just preserving Union)
• Gettysburg Address • Lincoln explained meaning of Civil War • Redefined meaning of the United States • Promised a “new birth” of freedom
• 2 nd Inaugural Address • Very non gloating or rejoicing speech • Referred to slavery as the “scourge of war” • Divine punishment of slavery of all Americans north and south
Key Figures • Ulysses S. Grant U. S. General Shiloh, Vicksburg, Antietam 6 th lead commander of US forces Plagued by alcohol and smoking, became most influencing US military leader • Future President • •
• Robert E. Lee CSA General Lead commander of CSA forces Brilliant military mind Turned down Sec. Seward for the lead USA generalship • Wins majority of early battles, loses at Gettysburg • •
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • • • CSA General Lee’s “right hand man” Devout Christian VMI Professor Gaines fame from the battle of Bull Run / Manassas
• William T. Sherman • USA General • Grant’s best friend • “War is Hell” – total war – scorched earth campaign • Burns Atlanta
• Jefferson Davis • Mexican War Veteran • Former Mississippi Senator • 1 st and only President of the Confederate States of America
The War • Fort Sumter • April 12, 1861 • Southern militias seizing forts • CSA ships firing on supply ships to Sumter • CSA demanded surrender, fire was exchanged • Lincoln refused to give the order to fire, wanted Davis to make the decision of war. • VA secedes the next day
• Shiloh • April 6 -7, 1862 • Grant (USA) defeats Johnston & Beauregard (CSA) • USA moved down the Tennessee River and captures 2 CSA forts • CSA launches a surprise attack early in the morning. Catches USA off-guard and Grant is able to rebound and bring in reinforcements up • Goes down as a draw, but USA claims victory
• Antietam (Sharpsburg) • September 17, 1862 • Bloodiest single day in American history • Mc. Clellan (USA) vs. Lee (CSA) • DRAW – Union claim victory – Lincoln need a victory to boost morale to issue the Emancipation Proclamation • Union: 12, 000 casualties Confederate: 10, 300 casualties • Union engaged 87, 164 / Confederate engaged 38, 000
• Vicksburg • May 18 – July 4, 1863 • Siege • Grant (US) defeats Pemberton (CSA) • Starve out the city of Vicksburg (32, 000 casualties) • Elevates Grant to lead command of USA
• Gettysburg • July 1 -3, 1863 • TURNING POINT OF THE WAR • Lee (CSA) is attempting to invade D. C. from the north • Meade (USA) defeats Lee (CSA) • Epic 3 day battle
• Day 1 (July 1) • CSA is “blind”. Head of scouting and recon, Gen. Jeb Stuart is missing. Lee doesn’t know where the USA army is moving from or how many etc. • Due to the loss of Jackson (Chancellorsville) Gen. James Longstreet takes his place, urges Lee to secure the high ground, he does not
• Day 2 (July 2) • Little and Big Round Top is the focus of the battle on day 2 • CSA attempts multiple times to remove the USA from the high ground. Lt. Col. Joshua Chamberlain (USA-20 th Maine) emerges as the hero who saves the USA army.
• Day 3 (July 3) • Gen. Stuart (CSA) finally arrives, it’s too late • Lee (CSA) orders the infamous “Pickett’s Charge”. It’s a huge failure. Has to cover 300 yards of open field.
• Atlanta • July 22, 1864 • Part of Sherman’s “March to the Sea” campaign – started in Chattanooga, TN • Sherman (USA) defeats Hood (CSA) • CSA sets fire to Atlanta once it realizes that it is being surrounded. Escapes south to Jonesboro. Sherman takes the city and burns the rest of it • Moves on to Savanah.
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