CIVIL WAR CAUSES AND EFFECTS 1 Causes of

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CIVIL WAR CAUSES AND EFFECTS

CIVIL WAR CAUSES AND EFFECTS

1. Causes of the Civil War • Protective Tarrif • Internal Improvements • National

1. Causes of the Civil War • Protective Tarrif • Internal Improvements • National Bank • Cheap Western Land • North: favored to “Protect” industry • South: Opposed to keep costs low • West: favored because it did business with the North • North: Favored federal bank to stabilize country and credit • South: against putting too much power in hands of few. Favored State banks. • West: same as south. • North: Favored to improve trade with west • South: Opposed their tax money benefiting the North and West • West: Wanted Federal Gov to build roads and Canals • North: Opposed because western migration reduced worker population • South: Favored cheap land to expand plantations • West: Favored cheap land to promote western growth.

1. Causes of the Civil War • Nature of the Union • North: favored

1. Causes of the Civil War • Nature of the Union • North: favored strong federal government. • South: favored strong state governments. • Felt they could nullify federal laws they disagreed with • Felt they could secede from the union. • Compact Theory: holds that the country was formed through a compact agreed upon by all the states, and that the federal government is thus a creation of the states. • Slavery • North: Opposed • South: Favored and depended on it for their plantation economy.

2. Politics • 1793 Fugitive Slave Act • Alleged runaways could be taken into

2. Politics • 1793 Fugitive Slave Act • Alleged runaways could be taken into custody • No right to defend themselves • Runaways could be sent back south with an affidavit or white testimony • 1820 Missouri Compromise • Missouri wants to join union as a slave state. This disrupts the balance of 11 free and 11 slave at the time • Comprise created by Sen Henry Clay • Missouri admitted as slave • Maine admitted as free • Federally outlawed slavery in territories north of latitude 36° 30′

2. Politics • 1849 California wants admission to the Union • this disrupts the

2. Politics • 1849 California wants admission to the Union • this disrupts the current balance of 15 free and 15 slave. • North favors California Joining as a free state • South opposes because it is against Missouri Compromise of 1820 • 1850 - Compromise of 1850 Sen Henry Clay proposes again. Admit CA as a free state (N) Enforce Fugitive Slave Act (S) Popular Sovereignty for New Mexico and Utah • Passes as law by Sen Stephen Douglas in 1850 • • • LEADS TO: • North passes personal liberty laws, outlawing the imprisonment of escaped slaves • Underground Railroad – Harriet Tubman.

2. Politics • 1854 Nebraska Territory wants to join the union • 1854 –

2. Politics • 1854 Nebraska Territory wants to join the union • 1854 – Nebraska/Kansas Act • Sen Stephen Douglas • Split Nebraska territory into two states, Nebraska/Kansas • Let popular sovereignty decide. • North opposes because of Missouri compromise. • LEADS TO: • Opposition from both North and South • Development of Republican Party. • “Bleeding Kansas” - bloody fighting in Kansas over slavery vote.

2. Politics • 1857 Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott tried to file a

2. Politics • 1857 Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott tried to file a lawsuit for freedom • Supreme Court Decision: • Being in a free state does not make you free • Slaves are property and not citizens, therefore do not have the right to file a lawsuit. • Overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820 as unconstitutional • Considered a big win for the south.

2. Politics ELECTION OF 1858 for Senator of Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas • Opposed

2. Politics ELECTION OF 1858 for Senator of Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas • Opposed to Slavery • Favors Popular Sovereignty • Freeport Doctrine • Called for western territories to elect officials that would not enforce slave laws. Abraham Lincoln • Opposed Slavery • Opposed Popular Sovereignty • Insisted of Federal Legislation to Outlaw Slavery.

2. Politics PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1860

2. Politics PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1860

2. Politics PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1860 • Lincoln is elected president despite 0 electoral

2. Politics PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1860 • Lincoln is elected president despite 0 electoral votes from the South • South is convinced they have lost power and influence in Federal Government • South Carolina first state to Secede • 1861 – Confederate States of America is formed and Jefferson Davis is elected president.

2. Politics War Begins • Confederate states take over federal property in the south.

2. Politics War Begins • Confederate states take over federal property in the south. • Demand the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston, S. C. • 1861 south attacks the force and seizes it. This draws Lincoln into war. • 4 slave states remained loyal to the union: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri.

3. North and South Advantages NORTH • 19 free and 4 slave states •

3. North and South Advantages NORTH • 19 free and 4 slave states • Population 22 million (south only had 9 mil) • 90% of countries industry (south had to depend on imports) • 20, 000 miles of railroad, more than double the south’s • ¾’s of countries financial resources • Control over navy and merchant marine SOUTH • Geographically compact group of 11 states • Defensive War: • Held interior • Shorter supply and communication lines • Know the territory • Maintained top Military leaders • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • Robert E. Lee • Accustomed to outdoor life • Allies in Britain and France who they traded with.

4. Mobilization for the War North • First used Volunteers • Conscription in 1863

4. Mobilization for the War North • First used Volunteers • Conscription in 1863 (Draft) • Over 2 million men • Issued Money and Bonds to finance the war South • First used Volunteers • Conscription in 1862 (Draft) • 1 million men • Raised taxes, sold bonds, borrowed money from Europe.

North 4. War Strategy South • Anaconda Plan – squeeze the south • Defensive

North 4. War Strategy South • Anaconda Plan – squeeze the south • Defensive War into submission with naval blockade. • Put up aggressive defense Control the Mississippi River, and that would force the North blockade the southern ports to quit once it grew tired • Keep pressure on Virginia and split the of the fighting. south in two

5. Events of the War: Battle of Bull Run • One of the first

5. Events of the War: Battle of Bull Run • One of the first battles of the war was the Battle of Bull Run. • The North realized after this battle that the war would not be easy and would not be over soon, as they originally thought.

Technology made Civil War. . . The Monitor

Technology made Civil War. . . The Monitor

More efficient and deadly

More efficient and deadly

First metal ships in world!

First metal ships in world!

5. Events of the War: Battle of Antietam • The first time the Confederacy

5. Events of the War: Battle of Antietam • The first time the Confederacy invaded Northern territory was the Battle of Antietam. They were led by Gen. Robert E. Lee • It began on Sept. 17, 1862 and lasted 12 hours. • It was the bloodiest battle day in United States history. 23, 000 men lost their lives that day. • The Union army stopped the Confederate army. This “victory” by the Union gave President Lincoln the chance to announce the abolition of slavery in the South.

Battle at Antietam

Battle at Antietam

Events of the War: Emancipation Proclamation • On January 1, 1863, Pres. Lincoln announced

Events of the War: Emancipation Proclamation • On January 1, 1863, Pres. Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation. It declared that all slaves should be set free in the Confederacy. • It also allowed blacks to serve in the Union army and navy. • The South ignored the Emancipation Proclamation, but it did change the focus of the war to the issue of slavery.

5. Events of the War: Battle of Gettysburg • The Battle of Gettysburg was

5. Events of the War: Battle of Gettysburg • The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. • It took place from July 1 -3, 1863. • 97, 000 Union soldiers fought 75, 000 Confederate soldiers. • More than 50, 000 men were killed or wounded in the battle.

 • The Union won the Battle of Gettysburg. • Many felt it was

• The Union won the Battle of Gettysburg. • Many felt it was a turning point in the war. • Many Northerners started supporting the army after this by lending them money to help pay for the war. • This was called a war bond.

5. Events of the War: Gettysburg Address • Several months after the Battle of

5. Events of the War: Gettysburg Address • Several months after the Battle of Gettysburg, President Lincoln went to the battlefield to dedicate a cemetery in honor of all those who had died. • Lincoln declared that the US has been “conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal”. • “government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from earth”.

5. Events of the War: Other Important Dates: • In March of 1864, Pres.

5. Events of the War: Other Important Dates: • In March of 1864, Pres. Lincoln appointed Gen. Ulysses S. Grant to lead the Union Army. • On Nov. 6 1864, President Lincoln was reelected as president of the Union. • After several more battles, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865. The war was officially over. • On April 14, 1865, while enjoying a night at theater with his wife, Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. He died at 7: 22 a. m. the next day. • On Dec. 6, 1865, the 13 th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified. This amendment abolished (ended) slavery.

6. Consequences of the War • Federal Government Gains Power • Wins the War,

6. Consequences of the War • Federal Government Gains Power • Wins the War, thus strengthens the union • Passes Conscription laws • Passes Income Tax law • Funded National Railroad System • National Bank Act 1863 • Cost of War • Over 600, 000 dead • Over 500, 000 wounded • 10% of population served in military during the war. • Thirteenth Amendment – abolished slavery • American Red Cross – started by Clara Barton to help civilians and soldiers in times of natural disasters or war.

6. Consequences of War: RECONSTRUCTION “Rebuilding the South, Rebuilding the Nation” Lincoln’s Plan •

6. Consequences of War: RECONSTRUCTION “Rebuilding the South, Rebuilding the Nation” Lincoln’s Plan • 10% PLAN • Pardon former Confederate States if they swear allegiance to Union. • Readmission when 10% of the voters swear allegiance to nation. • Opposed by “Radical Republicans” as being too soft Radical Republican’s Plan • Wade-Davis Bill • Puts congress in charge of reconstruction, over president • Readmission when majority 50% voters swear allegiance. • Vetoed by Lincoln before his assasination

6. Consequences of War: RECONSTRUCTION “Rebuilding the South, Rebuilding the Nation” Reconstruction Politics •

6. Consequences of War: RECONSTRUCTION “Rebuilding the South, Rebuilding the Nation” Reconstruction Politics • Black Codes: passes in southern states to discriminate against African Americans • Freedmen’s Bureau 1865: • Gave food and clothes to former slaves • Set up hospitals, schools, and jobs for freed slaves • Civil Rights Act 1866: blocked black codes • Reconstruction Act 1867: invalidated state governments created under Lincoln and Johnson’s plan Amendments • Thirteenth Amendment : 1865 • Abolished Slavery in the U. S. • Fourteenth Amendment : 1868 • Gave African Americans full Citizenship rights. • Right to life, liberty, property and due process for all citizens • Fifteenth Amendment : 1870 • Gave African Americans the right to Vote.

6. Consequences of War: RECONSTRUCTION “Rebuilding the South, Rebuilding the Nation” Political Groups •

6. Consequences of War: RECONSTRUCTION “Rebuilding the South, Rebuilding the Nation” Political Groups • Scalawags: southerners and small farmers who supported Republican party and did not want wealthy planters to regain power • Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved south after the war. • Freedmen: former slaves • Poor Whites: no land, did not want planters back in power. Southern Economy • African Americans wanted to own farm land • Planters wanted to regain plantation system • Sharecropping: landowners gave a few acres to farmers, farmers gave majority of profits to landowners • Tenant Farming: Farmers rented land for cash. • Demand for cotton decreased as other countries began producing their own.