Civil Rights Warmup Martin Luther King Jr Malcolm

Civil Rights Warm-up • Martin Luther King, Jr. • Malcolm X

Civil Rights Warm-up • Martin Luther King, Jr. • • • Organized Montgomery Bus boycott Founder of Southern Christian leadership conference Gave “I have a dream speech” Wrote “Letter from Birmingham jail” Supported non violent protests Assassinated by James Earl Ray

Civil Rights Warm-up • Malcolm X • • • Malcolm little was his name at birth Member of the nation of islam Wanted a separate society for Americans Ideas formed the basis for the black panthers Supported the use of violence

JFK: A Presidency

Election of 1960 • Problems in America: • Economic recession • Was America losing to the Soviets in the Cold War? • Who Ran? • Democratic John Kennedy • Republican Richard Nixon • What 2 issues pushed Kennedy over the top? • Television and Civil Rights

Kennedy the Candidate • Arguments against Kennedy: • He was too Young, inexperienced • He was Catholic • How did the debate help him? • He looked and spoke better than Nixon (even though Nixon was more knowledgable) • How did MLK help him? • After MLK was arrested for civil disobedience, JFK got his Brother to call the judge and have him released

The Camelot Years • The election was the closest since 1884 • Kennedy’s inauguration set a tone of grace, elegance, and wit • Who was in Kennedy’s Inner Circle? • • Mc. George Bundy: a national security advisor Robert Mc. Namara: secretary of defense Dean Rusk: Secretary of State Robert Kennedy: Attorney General

Foreign Policy: Castro Comes to Power • Cuba is 90 miles off the coast of Florida • Led a guerrilla movement to topple Fulgencio Batista • Promised to eliminate poverty, inequality, and dictatorship • U. S. first recognized his government, but then Castro seized control of U. S. oil refineries • Due to rough conditions in cuba, a counter-revolutionary movement took hold of miami

Foreign Policy: Bay of Pigs • Began with Eisenhower and then Kennedy approved the mission 9 days into his presidency • April 17 th, 1961 • Air strike fails, exiles fail to make it to shore- Americans killed or imprisoned • Major embarrassment for Kennedy as Castro claims western defeat

Foreign Policy: Cuban Missile Crisis • America found out that the soviets were building illegal missile sites in Cuba • Four options: • • Do nothing and attempt negotiations Blockade Cuba to prevent future supplies from entering cuba Bomb missile sites Amphibious invasion of Cuba

Foreign Policy: Cuban Missile Crisis • We choose: Blockade of Cuba • 13 days America sat on the brink of Nuclear war • We had 100, 000 troops waiting in Florida (the largest invasion force ever assembled) • Khruschev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for the U. S. promising not to invade • “For a moment, the world stood still”- Robert Kennedy

Foreign Policy: Berlin Crisis • 3 million East Germans had fled into Western Berlin in the years following the Berlin airlift • Khruschev wanted to block off western Berlin to protect the East German economy • August 13 th, 1961: Construction on the wall began which would separate East and West Berlin • Symbol of the Cold War Divide

Foreign Policy: The Hot Line • 1963: direct line between White House and Kremlin • Meant to prevent Nuclear War

Foreign Policy: The Limited Test Ban Treaty • Banned testing nuclear weapons in the air • Wanted to prevent environment damage

Domestic Policy • New Frontier: Name for Kennedy’s Domestic Policy • Stimulating the economy: • Pushed deficit spending • Increased minimum wage, cut taxes • Raised defense budget by 20%

Domestic Policy: Poverty • Abroad: • Peace Corps: • Volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America • Huge Success • 1968: 35, 000 volunteers had served in 60 nations • Alliance for Progress: • Offered economic assistance to Latin American countries • Not a success- resented by Latin Americans due to our history with them

Domestic Policy: Poverty • At Home: • Michael Harrinton’s book The Other America brought the topic of poverty to the forefront • Profiled 50 million Americans who struggled with less than $1, 000/year • Kennedy tried to push through Civil rights legislation • Presented a bill to congress that would get passed through under Johnson

Domestic Policy: Race to the Moon • Soviet Yuri Garigan became the first person in space • Kennedy saw this as a challenge, wanted to surpass them • Invested millions into nasa • Apollo 11 becomes the U. S. space mission to land on the Moon • The Eagle was the craft that actually landed on the moon- Neil Armstrong, first person to walk on the moon

assassination • November 22 nd, 1963 Kennedy is shot in Dallas, Texas • Governor Connally was also shot • Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the shooting- he was then killed by Jack Ruby • Warren Commission was put in charge of the investigation into his death- concluded Oswald acted alone, however in 1979, a reinvestigation alleged he was a part of a larger conspiracy.