Civil Rights in the ATL 3252013 Montgomery Bus

Civil Rights in the ATL!!!

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

Montgomery Bus Boycott • Dec. 1, 1955: Rosa Parks, African American, refused to give up her bus seat to whites in Montgomery, AL • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the NAACP organized civic leaders and prepared for marches. • Supreme court ruled segregation on public transportation unconstitutional • MLK emerges as a national leader of the Civil Rights movement Rosa Parks being fingerprinted, 1955

With your partner discuss how important was non-violent protest to the success of the Civil Rights Movement.

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Sibley Commission Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

Brown v. Board of Education Reaction in the South to Brown v. Board of Education was immediate • Gov. Marvin Griffin(1955 - 1959) spent most of his 4 years in office pushing for “massive resistance” • General Assembly went as far as to close Georgia’s public schools rather than be integrated --- laws never enforced • 1960 with election of Gov. Ernest Vandiver changes in attitudes began

The Sibley Commission • Gov. Vandiver called for hearings to be held over the state • These hearings were known as the Sibley Commission • Sibley commission: found the public willing to close schools rather than integrate • Commission recommended school systems be allowed to decide whether to integrate schools or not • 1961: token integration began in Atlanta Public schools

With your partner discuss what your thoughts and feelings might have been if you were a young African American who went to a rundown and ill-equipped school when you heard about the Sibley Commissions findings?

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Sibley Commission Albany Movement Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

The Albany Movement Protesters march down Broad Street during the Albany movement. Blacks were protesting the segregation of bus waiting rooms in Albany, Georgia. Over 500 blacks were imprisoned during the year of nonviolent protests.

The Albany Movement • 1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil rights activity • SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee vchallenged segregated bus system in Albany v. Nearly 500 people jailed v. Not successful in integrating the waiting rooms but valuable lessons are learned. • Biracial committee formed to study concerns of African Americans

With your partner discuss what lessons might have been learned by those fighting for civil rights during the Albany Movement.

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Sibley Commission Albany Movement William Hartsfield Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

William Hartsfield He was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and served as its 49 th and 51 st Mayor from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962, making him the longest-serving mayor in Atlanta history. Under the administration of William Hartsfield, racial moderation in Atlanta included the integration of city hall, helping foster Atlanta's image as “The city too busy to hate“.

William Hartsfield promoted civil rights in Atlanta by integrating the cities lunch counters and hired the cities first black police officers.

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Sibley Commission Albany Movement William Hartsfield Ivan Allen Jr Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

One accomplishment of Ivan Allen Jr. He took a stand against segregation in Atlanta. By integrating the city’s fire department and removed the “colored” and “white” signs from City Hall.

He was also for bringing professional athletic teams to the city!!!

With your partner discuss how different Atlanta would be today if not for Hartsfield & Allen. Also what was meant by “The city too busy to hate“

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Sibley Commission Albany Movement William Hartsfield Lester Maddox Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

Lester Maddox, a successful Atlanta restaurateur first decides to close his business rather than serve African Americans. He then goes on to run for Governor of Georgia and WINS!!!

Lester Maddox is elected as the segregationist governor in 1967 but then goes to appoint more African Americans to state boards and commissions than all previous governors combined. He also went on to integrated the state parole board and State Patrol.

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Sibley Commission Albany Movement William Hartsfield Ivan Allen Jr Maynard Jackson Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

Maynard Jackson, the cities first African American Mayor, served three terms, two consecutive terms from 1974 until 1982 and a third term from 1990 to 1994. He helped improve race relations throughout the city and oversaw a major expansion to the airport. Maynard Jackson

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Sibley Commission Albany Movement William Hartsfield Ivan Allen Jr Maynard Jackson Andrew Young Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

The next mayor of Atlanta, former Georgia Congressman, Andrew Jackson Young, was instrumental in bringing the Olympics to Atlanta. Andrew Jackson Young

With your partner discuss how different Atlanta would be today if not for Jackson & Young.

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Sibley Commission Albany Movement William Hartsfield Ivan Allen Jr Maynard Jackson Andrew Young Companies move to GA Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

Because of the work of these men and other great leaders, many national and international companies began to look at the Mild Climate, Low Tax Rates, Few/weak unions, Transportation (airports/railroads/inter states) and decide to locate in or around Atlanta, GA.

3/25/2013 Montgomery Bus Boycott Sibley Commission Albany Movement William Hartsfield Maynard Jackson Andrew Young Companies move to GA Georgia Flag Controversy Civil Rights in GA and the ATL

The Georgia state flag of 1956 Twenty-first century adherents of the 1956 flag claimed that the flag was designed to commemorate the upcoming Civil War Centennial that five years away. Critics, including Georgia Congressman John Lewis, assert it was only adopted as a symbol of racist protest, especially against the decision of Brown v. Board of Education. A federal appeals court noted in 1997 that the 1956 bill changing the flag was enacted "when the state's public leaders were implementing a campaign of massive resistance to the Supreme Court's school desegregation rulings. " Other measures passed that year included bills rejecting Brown v. Board and following up on then-Governor Marvin Griffin's announcement that "The rest of the nation is looking to Georgia for the lead in segregation. "

The Georgia state flag of 1956 Opponents felt that the flag of 1956 represented the past instead of looking toward the future, damaged Georgia’s tourist industry, and was a symbol of slavery.

The Georgia state flag of 2001 In 1992, Governor Zell Miller announced his intention to get the battle flag element removed, but the state legislature refused to pass any flagmodifying legislation. The matter was dropped after the 1993 legislative session. Many Atlanta residents and some Georgia politicians refused to fly the 1956 flag and flew the pre-1956 flag instead. Miller's successor as Governor, Roy Barnes, responded to the increasing calls for a new state flag, and in 2001 hurried a replacement through the Georgia General Assembly.

The Georgia state flag of 2003 In 2002, Sonny Perdue was elected Governor of Georgia, partially on a platform of allowing Georgians to choose their own flag in a state referendum. The 2003 flag legislation also authorized a public referendum on which of the two most recent flags (the 2001 and 2003 versions) would be officially adopted as the flag of the state. The referendum took place during the state's March 2, 2004 presidential primary election. If the 2003 flag was rejected, the pre-2001 design would have been put to a vote. The 2003 design won 73. 1% of the vote in the referendum.

The Georgia state flag of 2003 Part of the state’s motto “Wisdom, Justice, Moderation” is represented on the flag and in the pledge of allegiance to the Georgia flag.

4 th Quarter Units 1 -2 Study Guide Directions- Construct this Study Guide in a Cornell Note Format!!! People- Who are they, what did they do in GA History, to Fight Racism, Greatest Contributions… Martin Luther King JR Ellis Arnell Hamilton Holmes Carl Sanders William Hartsfield Maynard Jackson Benjamin Elijah Mays Herman Talmadge Ivan Allen First AA Mayor of ATL Andrew Young Rosa Parks Charlayne Hunter Lester Maddox First AA Congressman in 20 th C. Events- Who, what, when, where… 3 Governors Increase of companies March on Washington, D. C. Getting Pro Sports Sibley Commission Increase of suburbs Georgia state flag of 1956 Getting New Flag Decline of Farmers Albany Movement Getting Olympics Brown v. Board of Education Voting Rights Act Fair Housing Act Plessy v. Ferguson Legal Items. Civil Rights Act of 1964 14 th Amendment