Civil rights from 1945 1968 MARSHALL https images

Civil rights from 1945 -1968 MARSHALL https: //images. search. yahoo. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEV 7 g. Ic. ABa. OBc. AG. IPx. Qt. ? p=19451968+political+cartoon&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=piv-web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs 1&type=RVMC_80801299#id=0&iurl=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fweb. ku. edu%2 F~eceurope%2 Fhist 557%2 Flect 1 7_files%2 Fczechantisovietposter 1968. jpg&action=click vhttps: //images. search. yahoo. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs 0 Px. Qt. ? p=emancipation+proclamation&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=piv web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs. SF 01&type=RVMC_80801299#id=11&iurl=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fthehigherle ng. files. wordpress. com%2 F 2014%2 F 01%2 Femancipationproclamation 2. jpeg&action=click The Photograph That Ended a War But Ruined a Life "Murder of a Vietcong by Saigon Police Chief" Eddie Adams, 1968 v The Photograph That Isn't as Romantic as You Might Th "V-J Day, Times Square, 1945", a. k. a. "The Kiss" Alfred Eisenstaedt, 1945 https: //images. search. yahoo. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p=emancipation+proclamation&fr=yh s-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=piv-web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs-SF 01&type=RVMC_80801299#id=11&iurl=http%3 A%2 F https: //images. search. yahoo. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p =emancipation+proclamation&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=piv-w SLIDE 1

Essential/Critical questions 8. Why is it that "Separate but equal" facilities were rarely actually equal? Because separate but equal was a legal doctrine in the U. S law that said that segregation didn’t violate the 14 th amendment of the US constitution 9. How did president Eisenhower feel about the Brown v. Board of education court decision? Eisenhower failed to give a strong endorsement of the decision, school integration, or the principle of racial equality. In response to a direct question about the decision, he said only that the Supreme Court has spoken and I am sworn to uphold the constitutional process in the country; and I will obey. He made no statement endorsing the principle of racial equality. 10. How did Martin Luther King Jr. , harness the power of the African American church community? Churches were among the public facilities that exercised segregation during the civil rights movement. Many black churches sought to change what had become the norm for African American people. In 1955, Martin Luther King, Jr. became the pastor of a Montgomery, Alabama church and was dedicated to ending segregation. 11. What chain of events led to the Montgomery bus boycott? March 1954 - The Women's Political Council meets with Montgomery mayor W. A. Gayle to outline their recommended changes for the Montgomery bus system. March 2, 1955 - Claudette Colvin arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman. March 1955 - Black leaders in Montgomery, including E. D. Nixon, Rosa Parks, and Martin Luther King Jr meet with city officials to discuss bus seating requirements. October 21, 1955 - Mary Louise Smith arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman. December 1, 1955 - Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. 12. what events in the late 1940 s helped set the stage for the civil rights movement? In many ways, the events of World War II set the stage for the civil rights movement. First, the demand for soldiers in the early 1940 s created a shortage of white male laborers. That labor shortage opened up new job opportunities for African Americans, Latinos, and white women. Second, nearly one million African Americans served in the armed forces, which needed so many fighting men that they had to end their discriminatory policies. Such policies had previously kept African Americans from serving in fighting units. Many African-American soldiers returned from the war determined to fight for their own freedom now that they had helped defeat fascist regimes overseas. Third, during the war, civil rights organizations actively campaigned for African American voting rights and challenged Jim Crow laws. In response to protests, President Roosevelt issued a presidential directive prohibiting racial discrimination by federal agencies and all companies that were engaged in war work. The groundwork was laid for more organized campaigns to end segregation throughout the United States SLIDE 2

Multiple choice questions • 1. What Amendment grants all persons “equal protection of the laws? ” • (a) The First Amendment • (b) The Fifth Amendment • (c) The Fourteenth Amendment • (d) The thirty-fifth Amendment https: //images. search. yahoo. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEVr 2 Oc. ABa 00 g. ALZUPx. Qt. ? p=intellectual+p roperty&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=piv-web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs. SF 01&type=RVMC_80801299#id=1&iurl=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fwww. idreamcareer. com%2 Fimg%2 Fblo g%2 Fintellectual-property-law 1. jpg&action=click • 2. What Supreme Court case stated slaves were property, not human beings? vhttps: //images. search. yahoo. com/yhs/search; _ylt=Awr B 8 p. OUc. ABa. P 3 AAbq 42 n. Il. Q; _ylu=X 3 o. DMTBs. Z 29 x. Y 3 Zz. BH • (a) Roe v. Wade Nl. Yw. Nz. ZWFy. Y 2 g. Ec 2 xr. A 2 J 1 d. HRvbg-; _ylc=X 1 MDMTM 1 MTE 5 NTcw. Mg. Rfcg. My. BGFjd. G 4 DY 2 xr. B • (b) Dred Scott v. Sanford GJjaw. Mwb 2 s 2 a. Wo 5 Y 29 x. Nm. Jt. JTI 2 Yi. Uz. RDMl. Mj. Zz. JTNEYX QEY 3 Ny. Y 3 B 2 a. WQDc. Hh 2 d. XNURXd. Makl. NVU 5 LYVd. ZMFp • (c) Marbury v. Madison k. Z 1 FGTVRZNExn. QUFBQUEx. M 0 Mzb. QRmcg. N 5 a. HMt. TGty e. S 1 TRj. Ax. BGZy. Mg. Nz. YS 1 nc. ARnc. HJp. ZAMyc. EV 6 Lk 5 o. T 1 E 0 c W 00 Ym. Uy. WFl. TTn. FBBG 10 ZXN 0 a. WQDbn. Vsb. ARu. X 3 N 1 Z 2 • (d) Brown v. Board of Education c. DMTAEb 3 Jp. Z 2 lu. A 2 lt. YWdlcy 5 z. ZWFy. Y 2 gue. WFob 28 u. Y 29 t. BHBvcw. Mw. BHBxc 3 Ry. Aw. Rwc SLIDE 3

Multiple choice questions • 3. What is the name historians gave to the period right after the Civil War? • (a) The Cold War • (b) The period of “Manifest Destiny” • (c) Reconstruction • (d) The New World Order • 4. What President issued the Emancipation Proclamation? • (a) Abraham Lincoln • (b) George Washington • (c) Woodrow Wilson • (d) Andrew Jackson https: //images. search. yaho o. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LE Vri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p= emancipation+proclamation &fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=pivweb&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=y hs. SF 01&type=RVMC_8080129 9#id=11&iurl=http%3 A%2 F %2 Fthehigherlearning. files. wordpress. com%2 F 2014%2 F 01%2 Femancipationproclamation 2. jpeg&action =click SLIDE 4

Multiple choice questions https: //images. search. yaho o. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LE Vri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p= emancipation+proclamation &fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=piv 5. What does segregation mean? web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=y • • (a) Full participation in government • (b) One race is kept separate from another https: //images. search. yahoo. com/yhs/sea • (c) Schools are open to all children rch; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p=e mancipation+proclamation&fr=yhs-Lkry. SF 01&fr 2=piv • (d) Forced busing of children to schools web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs- SF 01&type=RVMC_80801299#id=11&iurl= http%3 A%2 F%2 Fthehigherlearning. files. w ordpress. com%2 F 2014%2 F 01%2 Femancip ation-proclamation 2. jpeg&action=click SLIDE 5

Causes of the civil rights movement vhttps: //images. search. yahoo. com /yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. Y Ap. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p=emancipation+procla mation&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=pivweb&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs. SF 01&type=RVMC_80801299#id=11 &iurl=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fthehigherlea rning. files. wordpress. com%2 F 2014 %2 F 01%2 Femancipationproclamation 2. jpeg&action=click • Throughout American history, different groups of citizens have fought for rights that the American Constitution gave them. The civil rights movement in the United States is about the campaign of African Americans. Because of their skin color, they did not have the same rights that white people did for a long time. This injustice on African Americans led to a time of social unrest. In the 1950's and 1960's, blacks rose up to fight against the social systems and public authorities that had taken these rights away. Many whites supported their campaign. https: //images. search. yahoo. com/yhs/searc h; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p=eman cipation+proclamation&fr=yhs-Lkry. SF 01&fr 2=piv-web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs. SF 01&type=RVMC_80801299#id=11&iurl=htt p%3 A%2 F%2 Fthehigherlearning. files. wordpre ss. com%2 F 2014%2 F 01%2 Femancipationproclamation 2. jpeg&action=click SLIDE 6

President during the year 1945. Accomplishments and failures • Franklin D. Roosevelt was the only U. S. president to be elected four times, serving 12 years in office from March 4, 1933 to his death on April 12, 1945. • One of Franklin D. Roosevelts failures as president was racial prejudice. • 1 weakness was that • Another failure that he • Franklin D. Roosevelt's he did not have much made was that he accomplishments as a love for his country cheated on his wife President was that he got to Eleanor become the 32 nd President of the United States. • He started the New Deal, which was a program https: //images. search. yaho designed to alleviate the o. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LE problems of the Great Vri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p= • He was a very good Depression. This policy emancipation+proclamation political leader and he had three general goals; &fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=pivjumped at the chance to relief for the poor, web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=y be president. His wife economic recovery, and hshttps: //images. search. yahoo. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p=em Eleanor did not want to financial reform. ancipation+proclamation&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=piv-web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs. SF 01&type=RVMC_808012 have any part of this. SF 01&type=RVMC_80801299#id=11&iurl=http%3 A%2 SLIDE 7

Harry S. Truman after Franklin D. Roosevelt died. 1945 -1953. • Authorizing the dropping https: //images. sear • Truman served as vice president during of the Atomic Franklin D. Roosevelt's fourth term as ch. yahoo. com/yhs/ • Bomb on Japan president, which lasted only 82 days. search; _ylt=A 0 LEVri Setting up the Marshal When Roosevelt died, Truman became Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Q Plan for the rebuilding of president. t. ? p=emancipation+ Achievements Europe. • A successful closure of World War II, both in Germany and in Japan. • Instituting the Marshall Plan that created a democratic and peaceful Europe. • He championed the United Nations. • He sponsored the creation of Israel. • He fought the spread of communism in Korea and helped keep it out of Turkey and Greece. proclamation&fr=y hs-Lkry. SF 01&fr 2=pivweb&hspart=Lkry& hsimp=yhs. SF 01&type=RVMC_ 80801299#id=11&i url=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fthehigherlearning. files. wordpress. co m%2 F 2014%2 F 01% • He died of heart failure. 2 Femancipationproclamation 2. jpeg SLIDE 8

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY. Harry S. Truman SLIDE 9

Dwight D. Eisenhower president from 1953 -1961 accomplishments • He balanced the https: //images. search. yaho • He sponsored and signed budget, not just o. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 L the civil rights bill of the Federal aid highway once, but three EVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p 1957. This was the first act of 1956. This gave times. Despite much =emancipation+proclamati civil rights bill since birth to America's pressure to do on&fr=yhs-Lkry. Reconstruction. Much to interstate highway otherwise, he also SF 01&fr 2=piv. Eisenhower's dismay, system. Eisenhower refused to cut taxes web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=y Congress amended the worked hard to get the and raise defense hsbill and critically bill passed and it was his spending. His fiscal weakened its favorite piece of policy contributed effectiveness. legislation. to the prosperity of • He ended the Korean war. He alone had the prestige to persuade Americans to accept a the 1950's. negotiated peace and convince the Chinese that https: //images. search. yahoo. com/y failure to reach an agreement would lead to dire hs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp T 0 Px. Qt. ? p=emancipation+proclamat consequences. Eisenhower considered this to be ion&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=pivhis greatest presidential accomplishment. web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs. SF 01&type=RVMC_80801299#id=11 &iurl=http%3 A%2 SLIDE 10

Dwight D. Eisenhower top 5 failures • He Failed to Improve the Plight of the He Failed to Denounce Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy. Had he publicly condemned Mc. Carthy and his investigations, American Farmer. there would have been much less damage inflicted on innocent lives and The goal of his farm policy was to get the country's morale. But Eisenhower believed that to personally confront government out of agriculture and strengthen the Mc. Carthy would demean the Presidency and give Mc. Carthy exactly what family farmer. He failed at both. he craved: more publicity. • He Failed to Moderate the Republican Party. This was a personal goal of Eisenhower's. He wanted ergize and modernize the Republican Party, making it ervative and more acceptable to mainstream America. ure became evident when Republicans nominated the ative Barry Goldwater as their presidential candidate in 1964. https: //images. search. yahoo. com/ yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. Y Ap. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p=emancipation+procla mation&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=pivweb&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs. SF 01&type=RVMC_80801299#id=11 &iurl=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fthehigherlea rning. files. wordpress. com%2 F 2014 %2 F 01%2 Femancipationproclamation 2. jpeg&action=click He Failed to Provide Leadership in Civil Rights. One could argue this, and many do. It’s fair to say Eisenhower was not considered a of civil rights at the beginning of his first term. His response to the Supreme Court’s 1954 sion to abolish segregation in public schools was less than enthusiastic and he failed at first to speak out against racial violence in the South. SLIDE 11

John F Kennedy president from 1961 -1963. ACCOMPLISHMENTS AS PRESIDENT • The new frontier program • He started helping with the civil rights of African Americans. • Preventing the Russians from attacking America with the missiles in Cuba • He established the peace corps • He helped in the Nuclear Test Ban • He prohibited discrimination FAILURES AS PRESIDENT • The bay of pigs • Not being able to pass the civil rights act • Not being able to get Welfare programs passed • Deeper involvement in the Vietnam War SLIDE 12

The Assassination of J. F. K • The assassination of J. F. K happened 12: 30 on November 22, 1963, forever ending the successes that could have been. SLIDE 13

SLIDE 14 Lyndon B. Johnson 1963 -1969 • President from 1963 to 1969 who took over for Kennedy and created the great Society, his Vietnam policy divided country and his party, he retired from politics in 1969 4. Johnson was passionate about education, which led him to bring in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and Higher Education Act. The law allowed the improvement of schools with special funding. He particularly focused on the schools in the poorer districts across the country. LBJ MAJOR 2. He brought in the Civil ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1. the Great Society Rights Acts of 1964 & 1968 legislation was perhaps the that outlawed racial most significant. It was his segregation. The laws also 3. Lyndon B Johnson signature legislation that ensured equal housing showed the way and upheld civil rights, brought opportunities for all proved he was ahead regardless of creed, of his peers when he in laws governing public religion, race and national appointed the first broadcasting, environmental protection, origin. He also enforced African American Medicare and Medicaid, voting rights to eliminate judge, Thurgood all kinds of discrimination in Marshall, in the abolition of poverty and aid voting through the Voting Supreme Court. to education. Rights Act of 1965.

WORLD WAR ll 1945 Germany • Adolf Hitler moves into his underground bunker. • US Troops Liberate Buchenwald, Germany Concentration Camp • Dachau concentration camp liberated • British troops liberate Belsen Concentration camp finding no running water and thousands of dead and rotting corpses • A massive air raid using incendiaries completely destroys the city of Dresden • Adolf Hitler and his wife of one day, Eva Braun, commit suicide • Joseph Goebbels and his wife commit suicide after killing their 6 children • William Joyce, known as "Lord Haw-Haw" is captured. He is later charged with high treason in London for his English-language wartime broadcasts on German radio. He is hanged in January of 1946. • Germany is divided between Allied occupation forces • The final Allied leadership conference ( the Potsdam Conference ) takes place during World War II. SLIDE 15

AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS TIMELINE • 1946 • The Supreme Court declared segregation on buses that crossed state borders was illegal. • President Truman established a Committee on Civil Rights. • 1948 • Discrimination in the armed forces was banned. • 1952 • This was the first year since 1881 without a lynching. • 1954 • The Supreme Court declared segregation in schools to be unconstitutional. • The last all-black units in the armed forces were disbanded. SLIDE 16

• • • AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS TIMELINE 1957 Dr. Martin Luther King became President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The Little rights high school clash occurs and Eisenhower had to use Federal troops to enforce the law. Civil rights act passed. 1960 First student sit-ins against segregation at lunch counters occurs. SNCC formed – Student Nonviolent Co-ordinating Committee. Elijah Muhammad called for the creation of a separate state for blacks. 1961 The arrest of the Freedom Riders in the South. 1962 James Meredith attempt to attend Mississippi University was only successful as a result of Federal troops being used. SLIDE 17

1947 India's independence • When India gained its independence and Gandhi gained martyrdom in 1947 and '48, the country set an example that African and Asian leaders would follow to independence in the decades that followed. By 1970, only a century after Gandhi's birth, only a century after the peak of the British Empire, the era of colonialism was at an end. https: //images. search. yah oo. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LEVri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p=emancipation+procla mation&fr=yhs-Lkry. SF 01&fr 2=pivweb&hspart=Lkry&hsimp= yhs. SF 01&type=RVMC_80801 299#id=11&iurl=http%3 A %2 F%2 Fthehigherlearning. files. wordpress. com%2 F 20 14%2 F 01%2 Femancipation proclamation 2. jpeg&actio n=click SLIDE 18

1950 African Nationalism • African nationalism is a political movement for Pan-Africanism and for national self-determination. Political interest began in the 1870 s and political v organizations started to form in the 1890 s. In the years following World War II, African nationalism gained strength, resulting in independence for Libya in 1951 and Ghana in 1952. All but six African countries were independent nation-states by 1966. SLIDE 19

1953 Nehru's Foreign policy • Nehru developed a policy of 'positive neutrality' for India. He became one of the key spokesmen for the non-aligned countries of Africa and Asia, many of which were former colonies that wanted to avoid dependence on any major power. SLIDE 20

Student Sit-Ins in Greensboro' 1960 SIT-IN organizers believed that if the violence were only on the part of the white community, the world would see the righteousness of their cause. Before the end of the school year, over 1500 black demonstrators were arrested. But their sacrifice brought results. Slowly, but surely, restaurants throughout the South began to abandon their policies of segregation. SLIDE 21

A. Philip Randolph • A. Philip Randolph (1889 -1979) was the most important civil rights leader to emerge from the labor movement. Throughout his long career, he consistently kept the interests of black workers at the forefront of the racial agenda. Whereas W. E. B. Du Bois argued that the problem of the twentieth century was “the color line, ” Randolph concluded that it was the question of the “common man. ” SLIDE 22

Bayard Rustin • Bayard Rustin was a civil rights organizer and activist, best known for his work as adviser to Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1950 s and '60 s. • Rustin was punished several times for his beliefs. During the war, he was jailed for two years when he refused to register for the draft. When he took part in protests against the segregated public transit system in 1947, he was arrested in North Carolina and sentenced to work on a chain gang for several weeks. In 1953 he was arrested on a morals charge for publicly engaging in homosexual activity and was sent to jail for 60 days; however, he continued to live as an openly gay man. SLIDE 23

1941 japan attacks pearl harbor • Pearl Harbor is a U. S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, and was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. Just before 8 a. m. on that Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight enormous battleships, and over 300 airplanes. More than 2, 400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1, 000 people were wounded. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. SLIDE 24

Rock and Roll A genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940 s and early 1950 s; primarily from a combination of the blues, country music and gospel music. The stars of this music included Elvis Presley "The King of Rock and Roll" and Jerry Lee Lewis. Considered to be a genre for rebelling teenagers and disliked by conservatives and beatniks. SLIDE 25

Korean War 1950 -1953 • On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75, 000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38 th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. • Finally, in July 1953, the Korean War came to an end. In all, some 5 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the war. The Korean peninsula is still divided today. SLIDE 26

Immigration on Nationality Act, 1952 • This Act allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also allowed the barring of suspected subversives from entering the country. It was used over the years to bar members and former members and "fellow travelers" of the Communist Party from entry into the United States, even those who had not been associated with the party for decades. SLIDE 27

1954 Brown vs. Board of Education • Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme court mandate school desegregation • The U. S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) is one of the most pivotal opinions ever rendered by that body. This landmark decision highlights the U. S. Supreme Court’s role in affecting changes in national and social policy. Often when people think of the case, they remember a little girl whose parents sued so that she could attend an allwhite school in her neighborhood. In reality, the story of Brown v. Board of Education is far more complex. SLIDE 28

Engle v. Vitale 1962 • 1962 - a landmark United States Supreme Court case that determined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools. The case was brought by the families of public school students in New Hyde Park, New York who complained the prayer to "Almighty God" contradicted their religious beliefs. SLIDE 29

Alliance for Progress (1961) • President John F. Kennedy proposes a 10 -year, multibillion-dollar aid program for Latin America. The program came to be known as the Alliance for Progress and was designed to improve U. S. relations with Latin America, which had been severely damaged in recent years. SLIDE 30

Lee Harvey Oswald • He was, according to three government investigations, the assassin of U. S. President John F. Kennedy, who was fatally shot on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. A United States Marine who defected to the Soviet Union and later returned, he was arrested on suspicion of killing Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit and later connected to the assassination of President Kennedy. He denied any responsibility for the murders. Two days later on November 24, 1963, while being transferred under police custody from the city jail to the county jail, he was shot and mortally wounded by Jack Ruby on live television. SLIDE 31

Richard Nixon • Controversial vice president and president who made his political reputation as and as aggressive anti-Communist crusader, his presidency ended with his resignation during the Watergate scandal SLIDE 32

February 27 1951 • 22 nd Amendment is established (two term limit for presidency) • Twenty-second Amendment, amendment (1951) to the Consitutuion to the United States effectively limiting to two the number of terms a President of the United States may serve. It was one of 273 recommendations to the U. S. Congress by the Hoover Commision, created by Pres. Harry S. Truman, to reorganize and reform the federal government. It was formally proposed by the U. S. Congress on March 24, 1947, and was ratified on Feb. 27, 1951. SLIDE 33

February 24 1954 • On this day in 1954, a group of children from Arsenal Elementary School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, receive the first injections of the new polio vaccine developed by Dr. Jonas Salk. • Though not as devastating as the plague or influenza, poliomyelitis was a highly contagious disease that emerged in terrifying outbreaks and seemed impossible to stop. Attacking the nerve cells and sometimes the central nervous system, polio caused muscle deterioration, paralysis and even death. Even as medicine vastly improved in the first half of the 20 th century in the Western world, polio still struck, affecting mostly children but sometimes adults as well. The most famous victim of a 1921 outbreak in America was future President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, then a young politician. The disease spread quickly, leaving his legs permanently paralyzed. SLIDE 34

Declaration of Constitutional 1956 • More than one hundred southern Congress and Senators sign a Declaration of Constitutional principles. Pledging their resistance to desegregation. Slide 35

N. A. S. A established 1958 • It may well be argued that NASA has become the world's premier agent for exploration, carrying on in "the new ocean" of outer space a long tradition of expanding the physical and mental boundaries of humanity. Fifty years ago, however the agency that pushed the frontiers of aeronautics, took us to the moon, flew the space shuttle, built the International Space Station and revealed the secrets of the cosmos, was in its birth throes, and fundamental decisions were being made that profoundly shaped all that was to come. SLIDE 36

What musicians were popular in the 1960 s? • Bob Dylan, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, The Mamas and The Papas and The Turtles. SLIDE 37

The first Wal-Mart was built in 1962. • Walmart as we know it today evolved from Sam Walton’s goals for great value and great customer service. “Mr. Sam, ” as he was known, believed in leadership through service. This belief that true leadership depends on willing service was the principle on which Walmart as we know it today evolved from Sam Walton’s goals for great value and great customer Walmart as we know it today evolved from Sam Walton’s service. “Mr. Sam, ” as he was known, believed in Walton’s goals for great value and great customer service. “Mr. leadership through service. This belief that true service. “Mr. Sam, ” as he was known, believed in leadership through leadership depends on willing service was the principle leadership through service. This belief that true on which Walmart was built, and drove the decisions service. This belief that true leadership depends on willing service was the principle the company has made for the past 50 years. So much service was the principle on which Walmart was built, and Walmart as we know it today evolved from Sam Walton’s on which Walmart was built, and drove the decisions of Walmart’s history is tied to the story of Sam Walton drove the decisions the company has made for the past 50 goals for great value and great customer service. “Mr. the company has made for the past 50 years. So much himself, and so much of our future will be rooted in years. So much of Walmart’s history is tied to the story of Sam, ” as he was known, believed in leadership through of Walmart’s history is tied to the story of Sam Walton Mr. Sam’s principles. Sam Walton himself, and so much of our future will be service. This belief that true leadership depends on willing himself, and so much of our future will be rooted in Mr. Sam’s principles. service was the principle on which Walmart was built, and Sam’s principles. drove the decisions the company has made for the past 50 years. So much of Walmart’s history is tied to the story of Sam Walton himself, and so much of our future will be rooted in Mr. Sam’s principles. SLIDE 38

The first woman who entered space in 1963 • On June 16, 1963, aboard Vostok 6, Soviet Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman to travel into space. After 48 orbits and 71 hours, she returned to earth, having spent more time in space than all U. S. astronauts combined to that date. SLIDE 39

Department of Housing and Urban Developme • Created by Congress in 1965, it was 11 th in cabinet office. Afro. American economist Dr. Robert C. Weaver was named head, and the department regulated and monitored housing and suburban development. It also provided rent supplements for low-income families. SLIDE 40

Medicare, Medicaid 1965 • Enacted in 1965 - provided, under Social Security, for federal subsidies to pay for the hospitalization of sick people age 65 and over. SLIDE 41

Malcolm X (1925– 1965) was an -African American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans; detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in v history. https: //im ages. searc h. yahoo. co m/yhs/sea rch; _ylt=A 0 LEV 7 u. Yh. P 9 Zxng. A. M QPx. Qt. ? p= malcolm+x &fr=yhs. Lkry. SF 01&fr 2= pivweb&hspa rt=Lkry&hs imp=yhs. SF 01&type =RVMC_80 801299#id =4&iurl=ht tps%3 A%2 F%2 Fextre mesmartn ess. files. w ordpress. c om%2 F 201 1%2 F 11%2 Fmalcolm 1. jpg&acti on=click SLIDE 42

1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act is passed • On this day in 1966, the United States Senate votes 76 -0 for the passage of what will become the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act. Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson the following September, the act created the nation’s first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles. • The origins of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act can be traced directly of the efforts of a young lawyer and consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who in 1965 published the bestselling “Unsafe at Any Speed, ” a sweeping critique of the American auto industry and its unsafe products. SLIDE 43

1966 hover craft service • The world's first hover show has opened with news of a Ministry of Defence order worth 1 m. • The first practical design for hovercraft derived from a British invention in the 1950 s to 1960 s. They are now used throughout the world as specialized transports in disaster relief, coastguard, military and survey applications as well as for sport or passenger service. SLIDE 44

Aug 1968 Soviet crust Czechoslovakia revolt • On the night of August 20, 1968, approximately 200, 000 Warsaw Pact troops and 5, 000 tanks invade Czechoslovakia to crush the “Prague Spring”–a brief period of liberalization in the communist country. Czechoslovakians protested the invasion with public https: //images. search. yaho demonstrations and other non-violent tactics, but they o. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LE were no match for the Soviet tanks. The liberal reforms Vri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p= of First Secretary Alexander Dubcek were repealed and emancipation+proclamation “normalization” began under his successor Gustav &fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=piv. Husak. web&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=y hs • In January 1968, Novotny was replaced as first SF 01&type=RVMC_8080129 secretary by Alexander Dubcek, who was unanimously 9#id=11&iurl=http%3 A%2 F elected by the Czechoslovakian Central Committee. To %2 Fthehigherlearning. files. secure his power base, Dubcek appealed to the public wordpress. com%2 F 2014%2 to voice support for his proposed reforms. The response F 01%2 Femancipationwas overwhelming, and Czech and Slovak reformers proclamation 2. jpeg&action took over the communist leadership. =click SLIDE 45

Charts SLIDE 46

March 6, 1960 College Freshman • Four Black College freshman sit in at a white only lunch center in Greensboro, North Carolina. The black waitress refuses to serve them anything and pretty much they were forced to leave under pressure and keep them from getting in trouble. https: //images. search. yaho o. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LE Vri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p= emancipation+proclamation &fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=pivweb&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=y hs. SF 01&type=RVMC_808012 slide 47

Jan 1, 1946 "Long Telegram" • In 1946, George Kennan’s ‘long telegram’ declared that the US should try to stop Russian expansion. https: //images. search. yaho o. com/yhs/search; _ylt=A 0 LE Vri. Oc. QBa. Vs. YAp. T 0 Px. Qt. ? p= emancipation+proclamation &fr=yhs-Lkry-SF 01&fr 2=pivweb&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=y hs. SF 01&type=RVMC_8080129 9#id=11&iurl=http%3 A%2 F %2 Fthehigherlearning. files. wordpress. com%2 F 2014%2 F 01%2 Femancipationproclamation 2. jpeg&action slide 48 =click

COST IF LIVNG IN 1968 • How Much things cost in 1968 Yearly Inflation Rate USA 4. 27% Yearly Inflation Rate UK 4. 7% Year End Dow Jones Industrial Average 943 Average Cost of new house $14, 950. 00 Average Income per year $7, 850. 00 Average Monthly Rent $130. 00 Gas per Gallon 34 cents Average Cost of a new car $2, 822. 00 Movie Ticket$1. 50 The Federal Hourly Minimum Wage is $1. 60 an hour Below are some Prices for UK guides in Pounds Sterling Average House Price 4, 344 Gallon of Petrol 5 shillings 5 pence or 28 new pence SLIDE 49

SOURCES USED. • http: //www. thepeoplehistory. com/1968. html • http: //cds. library. brown. edu/projects/1968/reference/timeline. html • https: //www. onthisday. com/events/date/1968 • http: //www. cnn. com/2014/07/31/us/1968 -importantevents/index. html • http: //www. academia. edu/1816779/A_Powerpoint_on_the_major_e vents_of_1968 SLIDE 50