Civics Chapter 8 State Government Next Copyright by

Civics Chapter 8 Section-1 The States The Main Idea In the United States, all 50 independent states fit together to form one country. The federal system allows state governments to serve the needs of their citizens while cooperating as a united country. Reading Focus • What powers do state governments have? • How do states work together with other states and with the national government in our federal system? Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-1 The States State Government Powers • • When the 13 states ratified(approved) the Constitution they agreed to not let the federal government have too much power. They created a system that divided powers between the federal(national) government and the states(federalism). – Delegated powers were given the federal government. – This included printing money, maintaining the postal service and defending the country Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-1 The States State Powers • The Tenth Amendment states “any power not delegated to the federal government belongs to the people and the state. ” • These powers are known as “reserved powers” • These powers include: • • • Election oversight Education Police protection Public building programs Health and safety Highways Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-1 The States State Powers – Some powers are shared by both the states and federal government. – These are called concurrent powers. – Examples of concurrent powers: • • Taxes Making and enforcing laws Court systems Borrow and spend money Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-1 The States Components of a state constitution: Preamble - states the ideals of the government Bill of rights - list of rights guaranteed to citizens Outline of government organization - duties of the government's branches are spelled out Provisions for elections Provisions for managing state affairs, such as education, law and order, highways, and taxation • Methods of amending the state's constitution and list of approved amendments • • • Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-1 The States Cooperation of states with each other and the federal government: • The full faith and credit clause* of the U. S. Constitution ensures states will respect court decisions of other states. • Fugitives from one state are subject to extradition if found in another state. • States work together to reduce pollution and maintain mutual public interests. • The U. S. Constitution guarantees a "republican government" to each state. • The federal government must help put down "domestic violence" in the states. • Governments work together to conserve resources, assist the unemployed, build highways, and offer job training. • Governments also cooperate in times of crisis(earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes) to provide aid(help) to disaster victims. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-1 The States Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing

Civics Chapter 8 Section-1 The States Question: What types of powers are reserved for

Civics Chapter 8 Section-2 State Legislatures The Main Idea The process of passing state laws is similar to the process used in the U. S. Congress. In some states, citizens can take a direct role in making the state's laws. Reading Focus • How are state legislatures organized to equally represent the citizens of their state? • How are state laws passed? • How do citizens participate in making state laws? Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-2 State Legislatures Organization • • Every state in the U. S. except one has a bicameral legislation (legislature divided into two houses) Nebraska is the one state that does not Nebraska has a unicameral, one house, legislature called the senate. Legislatures will vary in size – – • Alaska has the smallest New Hampshire has the largest These state legislatures are organized to represent all citizens of the state equally Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-2 State Legislatures Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing

Civics Chapter 8 Section-2 State Legislatures Populations in state election districts: • 1964—Reynolds v. Sims: all state election districts must be as equal as possible • Equally populated districts ensure the principle of "one person, one vote. " Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-2 State Legislatures Many states require similar qualifications and terms of office for state legislators: • • Must be U. S. citizens and residents of the district they represent Senators must be at least 25 years of age, and representatives must be at least 21. Two- to four-year terms Salaries and benefits tend to be low*. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-2 State Legislatures Choosing presiding officers and carrying out legislation: • • • Either the lieutenant governor or a selected official presides over the Senate. Speakers are chosen in the lower houses. Committees are appointed. Seniority determines many of the appointments. State bills follow a path similar to that of federal bills before they can become laws. Some states require referendums(method of referring a bill to the voters for approval) before certain bills become laws. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-2 State Legislatures Question: What are the qualifications and terms of office for a state legislator? Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-2 State Legislatures Question: What are the qualifications and terms of office for a state legislator? Qualifications and Terms: • Must be U. S. citizen and resident of the district he/she represents • Senators must be at least 25 years of age; representatives must be at least 21 • Two- to four-year terms Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-3 The State Executive Branch The Main Idea A state's executive branch carries out laws made by the state's legislative branch. Governors are the chief executives of state government. Reading Focus • Who is the state's chief executive, and what are his or her powers and duties? • Who are the other officials of state executive branches? Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-3 The State Executive Branch Most governors • Must be U. S. citizens who have lived in the state for a certain number of years. • Must be at least 30 years old. • Serve four-year terms with limits of one to two terms. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-3 The State Executive Branch Duties and powers of governors include: • • • Highest ranking official at the state level (Chief Executive) Propose laws and programs to the legislature; approving or vetoing bills. Developing state budgets. Controlling state police and militia. Appointing officials and supervising executive branch. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-3 The State Executive Branch Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin

Civics Chapter 8 Section-3 The State Executive Branch Other officials of the state executive branch, in most states: • • • Lieutenant governor—succeeds governor; presides over the Senate Secretary of state—keeps state records and supervises elections Attorney general—in charge of legal business State treasurer—supervises all state funds State auditor (comptroller)—supervises the state's financial records Superintendent of public instruction—governs local school districts and distributes state funds Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-3 The State Executive Branch State Executive Agencies and Officials • Help the governor carry out the laws • Have specific areas of responsibility such as agriculture, justice, labor, public safety, public works, or transportation • Officials of agencies are usually appointed by the governor. • Some jobs are filled through patronage. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-3 The State Executive Branch Question: What are the powers and duties of the governor? Powers and Duties of the Governor 1. Chief Legislator 2. Chief Executive 3. Political Party Leader 4. Other Powers Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-4 State Courts The Main Idea State court systems include lower courts, general trial courts, appeals courts, and state supreme courts. Reading Focus • What kinds of cases do state courts handle? • How is the state court system organized? • How are state judges selected? Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-4 State Courts State courts handle: • Criminal cases, which deal with violations of the law that harm individuals or society. • Attorney’s prosecute violators using the penal code (set of criminal laws). • Civil cases, which deal with disputes between individuals or business and generally involve money or property. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-4 State Courts Four types of state courts and their responsibilities: • Lower courts—handle minor civil cases and misdemeanors; traffic cases, family-relations cases, and small claims • General trial courts—handle major criminal and civil cases • Appeals courts—handle appealed cases from the lower courts • State supreme court—handles appealed cases from the appeals court Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-4 State Courts Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing

Civics Chapter 8 Section-4 State Courts Overcrowding in the courts causes problems. • • Calendars are often a year or more behind. People wait years for settlements. Jails are overcrowded with accused persons awaiting trial. Crowding thwarts constitutional guarantee of a speedy trial. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-4 State Courts How are state judges selected? • • State law determines how judges are selected in each state as well as their term length Most states has citizens elect state supreme court judges Others the governor appoints them Missouri Plan- committee of judges is created, governor appoints judge from list then must face voters in next election. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-4 State Courts Question: What are the responsibilities of each of the four types of state courts? Lower Courts: • These courts hear minor cases, including misdemeanors and civil cases involving small amounts of money. They may also handle traffic violations, family disputes, and juvenile cases. General Trial Courts: • These courts hear major civil and criminal cases. Most involve a jury with a judge presiding. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Section-4 State Courts Question: What are the responsibilities of each of the four types of state courts? State Supreme Courts: • These courts are the highest court in most states hearing cases on appeal. Appeals Courts: • These courts hear cases on appeal, deciding if the lower court handled the trial properly and gave the accused the rights guaranteed under the Constitution. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Wrap-Up • What is the term for the powers granted to state governments, and what are some examples? • How are the rules of state governments organized, and under what rule did they agree to cooperate with each other? • What conditions must be met in order for someone to serve as a state lawmaker? • How can citizens take direct action in legislation and state government? • Who heads the state executive branch, and what does the job require? • Who helps the governor run the state government? • What types of courts exist in most states, and what does each do? • How does the appeals process work? Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Civics Chapter 8 Print Slide Show 1. On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft Power. Point If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the Power. Point presentation Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company