Citizenship in the World A merit badge workshop

Citizenship in the World A merit badge workshop presented by Constitution Week USA www. Constitution. Week. com

German Citizenship Rights • Property • Freedom of speech, with footnote against denial of Nazi war crimes • German Social Security System o unemployment, health, pension, sickness, carer's insurance, maternity benefits, child allowances

German Citizenship Duties • Stay righteous • Learn about the German Government and the European Union • Vote

German Citizenship Obligations • • Obey German laws Obey European Union laws Conscription Pay taxes

Cuban Citizenship • • Communist Government Constitution of the Republic of Cuba 1992 Openly embraces socialism, communism, Marxism, and Leninism

Cuban Citizenship Rights • No private property, except small farmers • No private industry • “The state organizes, directs and controls the economic life of the nation” • “Everyone has the right to health protection and care” • “Citizens have freedom of speech and of the press in keeping with the objectives of socialist society…. The law regulated the exercise of those freedoms. ”

Cuban Citizenship Obligations • Obey law • “The law regulates the military service which Cubans must do. ” • “Defense of the socialist homeland is the greatest honor and the supreme duty of every Cuban citizen. ”

Cuban Citizenship Duties • “Work in a socialist society is a right and duty and a source of pride for every citizen. ” • “Every worker has the duty to faithfully carry tasks corresponding to him at his job. ”

Contrast With U. S. • Cuban Constitution of 1992 o “Citizens have freedom of speech and of the press in keeping with the objectives of socialist society…. The law regulated the exercise of those freedoms. ” • US Constitution, Ammendment 1 o “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. ”

National Interest • • Security interests Economic interests Government philosophy Morals o Religion o Charity

Current World Event

US and the War on Terror • • • Relationship with other countries Security interests Economic interests Government philosophy Morals o Religion o Charity

Switzerland • • Founded in 1291 Cold winters, cool summers Tourists, ski resorts Hydropower, timber, salt Military guns at home (~ 1 in 3) History of neutrality Anonymous banking

Jungfrau

Pizbuin

International Law • • Difficult to form Difficult to enforce Coordinates trade Solve problems and resolve disputes o World Court o United Nations

International Law Thomas Jefferson • “Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations – entangling alliances with none. ”

United Nations • save succeeding generations from the scourge of war • promote fundamental human rights • promote international law • promote social progress

The Scourge of War Since 1945 • 140 wars listed • 32 wars in bold • 44 civil wars not listed

The Scourge of War Since 1945 -1949 Indonesian National Revolution 1946 -1954 First Indochina War 1947 -1948 Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 -1949 First Arab-Israeli War 1950 -1953 Korean War 1950 -present (Ongoing)Chinese Invasion/ Occupation of Tibet 1952 -1955 Tunisian War of Independence 1952 -1960 Mau Uprising 1954 -1975 Second Indochina War 1959 -1975 Vietnam War 1954 -1962 Algerian War of Independence 1956 -1957 Suez War (Second Arab-Israeli War) 1956 Hungarian Uprising 1956 -1959 Cuban Revolution 1957 -1958 Ifni War 1958 Lebanon Crisis of 1958 1960 -1965 "Congo Crisis" 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 -1991 Eritrean War of Independence 1961 -1974 Portuguese Colonial War 1961 -1974 Angolan War of Independence 1963 -1974 Guinea-Bissauan War of Independence 1964 -1974 Mozambican War of Independence 1961 Invasion of Goa 1962 Sino-Indian War 1962 Indonesian Annexation of Western New Guinea 1962 -1966 Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation 1962 -1975 Dhofar Rebellion 1963 Sand War 1963 -1967 Shifta War 1964 -Present Colombian Armed Conflict 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 -1989 South African Border War 1966 -1988 Namibian War of Independence 1966 -1979 Second Chimurenga(Rhodesian Bush War) 1967 Chola Incident 1967 Six-Day War (Third Arab-Israeli War) 1967 -1989 Second Malayan Emergency 1967 -Present Communist Insurgency in the Philippines 1968 Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia

The Scourge of War Since 1945 1968 -1970 War of Attrition 1969 -Present Islamic Insurgency in the Philippines 1969 Football War 1969 Sino-Soviet border conflict 1969 -1994 The Troubles in Northern Ireland 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 1972 Libya-Sudan conflict 1973 Yom Kippur War (Fourth Arab-Israeli War) 1974 Turkish Invasion of Cyprus 1975 -1991 Western Sahara conflict 1975 -1978 Indonesian invasion of East Timor 1975 -1998 East Timorese War of Independence 1975 -2006 Independence War in Cabinda 1975 -1989 Cambodian-Vietnamese War 1976 -1983 Argentina's "Dirty War" 1977 Libyan-Egyptian War 1977 -1978 Ogaden War 1978 Israeli Invasion of Lebanon 1978 -2005 The Aceh War 1978 -1979 Uganda-Tanzania War 1978 -1987 Chadian-Libyan conflict 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War 1979 -1989 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1980 -1988 Iran-Iraq War 1980 -present (ongoing) Internal Conflict in Peru 1981 Paquisha War 1981 -1986 Ugandan Bush War 1982 Falklands War 1982 Israeli Invasion of Lebanon 1983 U. S. Invasion of Grenada 1984 -present (ongoing) Kurdish insurgency in Turkey 1984 -present (ongoing) Free Papua Movement 1984 Siachin War 1985 Agacher Strip War 1987 -1993 First Intifada 1988 -present (ongoing) Casamance Conflict 1986 -1992 Somalian Revolution 1992 -1994 Operation Restore Hope 1994 -2006 War between Somali clans

The Scourge of War Since 1945 2006 Rise of the Islamic Courts Union 1988 -1994 Nagorno-Karabakh war 1989 -1991 Mauritania-Senegal Border War 1989 -1990 U. S. Invasion of Panama 1989 Romanian Revolution 1984 -present (ongoing) Kashmir conflict 2006 -present War in Somalia 2007 -present Islamist insurgency in Somalia 1990 -1991 Gulf War 1990 -1998 Tuareg Rebellion 1991 -2001 Yugoslav Wars 1991 Slovenian War 1991 -1995 Croatian War of Independence 1992 -1995 Bosnian War 1996 -1999 Kosovo War 2000 -2001 Preševo valley crisis 2001 Macedonia conflict 1991 -1992 South Ossetian War 1992 -1993 War in Abkhazia 1991 -1992 Ossetian-Ingush conflict 1992 War of Transnistria 1992 -present (ongoing) Conflict in the Niger Delta 1993 -present (ongoing) Ethnic conflict in Nagaland, India 1993 -present (ongoing) Brazilian gang violence 1994 -1996 First Chechen War 1995 Hanish Islands Crisis 1995 Iraqi Kurdistan War 1995 NATO bombing of Republika Srpska 1995 Cenepa War 1996 -1997 First Congo War 1997 Unrest in Albania 1997 Iraqi Kurdistan War 1998 -2000 Ethiopia-Eritrea War 1998 U. S. bombings of Afghanistan and Sudan 1998 U. S. bombing of Iraq 1998 -2003 Second Congo War 1999 -2006 Ituri Conflict 1999 Kargil War 1999 Dagestan War 1999 -present (ongoing) Second Chechen War

The Scourge of War Since 1945 2000 -2006 Al-Aqsa Intifada 2000 -present (ongoing) Conflict in Laos involving the Hmong 2001 Macedonia conflict 2001 Indo-Bangladesh Border Conflict of 2001 -present (ongoing) War in Afghanistan (2001–present) 2003 -present (ongoing) Balochistan conflict, Pakistan 2003 -present (ongoing) Central African War 2003 -present (ongoing) Darfur conflict, Sudan 2005 -present (ongoing) Chad-Sudan conflict 2003 -present (ongoing) Iraq War 2004 -present (ongoing) Waziristan War 2004 Haiti rebellion 2004 -2007 Sa'dah conflict 2004 -present (ongoing) South Thailand insurgency 2006 -2006 Lebanon War 2006 -present (ongoing) War in Somalia 2007 -present Second Tuareg Rebellion 2007 -present Ogaden conflict 2007 (ongoing) North Lebanon conflict 2008 Russia invades South Ossetia, Georgia

UN Human Rights Commission Successes • Highlights human-rights abuses around the world. • Applies pressure for reform.

UN Human Rights Commission Failures • Libya was elected to head the commission in 2003 • Sudan was elected to head the commission in 2004 • Some commission members have miserable human -rights records: China, Cuba, Zimbabwe, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Algeria, Syria, Libya, and Vietnam.

UN Humanitarian Assistance Successes • Works with other relief organizations, such as the Red Cross • Provides food, water, shelter to missions displaced by war, famine, or natural disasters. • World Food Program (serves 110 million people in 80 countries) • High Commissioner for Refugees (projects 116 countries)

UN Humanitarian Assistance Failures • Oil-For-Food Program

World Court • • International Court of Justice Primary judicial organ of the UN 15 judges elected to 9 -year terms by the UN No common moral foundation among nations’ judges

World Organization of the Scout Movement • World Scout Jamboree • Promote scouting world wide • BP: "The roots of Scouting have grown among young people of all civilised countries and are developing more each day. It might be thought that if in years to come, a considerable proportion of the future citizens of each nation forms part of this brotherhood, they will be joined by a bond of personal friendship and mutual understanding such as has never existed before, which will help to find a solution to terrible international conflicts. "