Citation Now its time for diving Citation q

Citation

Now it’s time for diving

Citation q Citing: Abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body + q Reference list: Entry in the bibliographic references section

Purpose q Honesty q Acknowledging other authors q Avoiding plagiarism q Support author's argument q Gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used

Bibliography ≠ Ref q Items consulted but not cited q Alphabetical by author name

Citation Issues: q Online sources may decay q Impact of an article ≈ scientific merits Ø Number of authors Ø Number of references Ø Article length Ø Presence of a colon in the title q Impact factor boosting

“University’s Format" "Instructions For Authors"

Instructions For Authors q Format: Ø Original article, case report, review… q Abstract q Maximum allowable word counts q Images: Ø Size / jpeg, png or tiff q Need for a cover letter, disclosure forms q References: Style, Number (20 -30 ? )

Read a few recent articles from the journal

Style q A long list of references ≠ validity q Some journals specify the number Ø Type of study q Avoid using ‘abstracts’ as references? ! q Use recent references (5 years) q No book references? Ø Old Ø Hard to insert Ø Least significance (Not Chic)

Style q Cite from the chosen journal q Cite from possible referees q Impact factor ( journal, referee ) q Pleases the editor

Style q The integrity of the references is the responsibility of the author Ø Neither the referee nor the journal Ø Referees check some references at random

Medical referencing systems q Parenthetical referencing ØAuthor–date: • Harvard q Author–number system Ø Vancouver

Reference Management Software q Citavi q End. Note q Mendeley q Qiqqa q Reference Manager q Zotero q Procite

Harvard q Easy to learn q Simple to use q Thesis q Books

Harvard q Partial citations embedded in text Ø Within parentheses Ø Author's name, year of publication, ± page number Ø “(Smith 2010, p. 1). ” ØTwo authors: • (Deane and Jones 1991) or (Deane & Jones 1991) ØMore than two authors: • "et al. ": (Smith et al. 1992) Ø Within or after a sentence

Harvard q“References“: Ø Alphabetized list of authors’ names

Harvard Advantages q Familiar reader: Ø Recognize a citation without checking the references section q Easily identify outdated sources q A source is cited more than once Ø Quickly becomes obvious relying heavily on a single publication q No renumbering hassle

Harvard Disadvantages q Take up space in the main text q Prolific authors: Ø Harvey 1996 a, Harvey 1996 b, Harvey 1996 c q Removing a citation: Ø Check if it is used elsewhere

Vancouver

Vancouver q Advantage Ø Compressed format in text Ø Standard for most journals q Disadvantages

Vancouver Citing q Numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text q Arabic numerals q Parentheses (1) q Square brackets [1] q Superscript 1 q Combination [1] or (1)

Vancouver Citing q Placed outside the text punctuation Ø Avoid disruption to the flow of the text q Placed inside the text punctuation q Use hyphens for Number Ranges Ø “Several studies (6– 9, 13, 15) have examined the effect of …” q Citing author’s name in text Ø “Simons et al. (3) state that the principle of effective stress …”

Vancouver Reference list: q Author names: Ø Family name, first name … Ø Abbreviated and merged to 2 initials Ø "R. K. " → "RK" q Truncate the list after 3 or 6 names, followed by "et al. " (most do not italicize) Ø NLM now lists all authors • Vancouver-NIH Style

Vancouver Reference list: q. The titles of journals are abbreviated q No periods in the abbreviation q A period comes after the abbreviation q The abbreviations are standardized Ø Am J Cardiol.

Vancouver Ref. Standard Journal Article

Journal Article: Print q Author q Title of article q Abbreviated title of journal Ø Standard Ø Italics q Year of publication q Volume number (Issue number) q Page numbers

Journal Article: Print q Diamond DA, Paltiel HJ, Di. Canzio J et al. Comparative assessment of pediatric testicular volume: orchidometer versus ultrasound. J Urol. 2000 Sep; 164 Vol (3 Pt 2): 1111 -4. Issue Page

Organization as author? q Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002; 40(5): 679 -86.

Article not in English q Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. Sykdomsangst blant medisin- og jusstudenter. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002; 122(8): 785 -7. Norwegian. q Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. [Disease anxiety among medical students and law students]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002 Mar 20; 122(8): 785 -7. Norwegian.

Type of article q Tor M, Turker H. International approaches to the prescription of long-term oxygen therapy [letter]. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(1): 242.

Electronic or Online Journal Article q ± ( DOI, PMCID, URL or PMID): Unique identifier

Electronic or Online Journal Article q Author q Title of article q Abbreviated title of journal (italics) q Year of publication q Volume number (Issue number) q Page numbers q Available from: URL or DOI q [Date of access]

Optional Identifiers

PMID q Pub. Med unique identifier q. Von Itzstein M, Wu WY, Kok GB, Pegg MS, Dyason JC, Jin B, et al. Rational design of potent sialidase-based inhibitors of influenza virus replication. Nature. 1993 Jun 3; 363(6428): 418 -423. Pub. Med PMID: 8502295.

PMID qhttps: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/#######

PMCID q Free-to-access: Pub. Med Central q Bittles MA, Hoffer EK. Gonadal vein embolization: treatment of varicocele and pelvic congestion syndrome. Seminars in interventional radiology. 2008; 25(3): 261 -70. Pub. Med PMID: 19204236; Pub. Med Central PMCID: PMC 2653214.

PMID or PMCID q Type? q Quality? q letter → peer-reviewed papers q Retracted for fraud, incompetence, or misconduct

Digital Object Identifier: DOI q Unique alphanumeric string q Assigned by International DOI Foundation q Uniquely identifies electronic documents q Contains Metadata: Ø Content, organization, publisher Ø URLs can change Ø DOI remains fixed

DOI q Bittles MA, Hoffer EK. Gonadal vein embolization: treatment of varicocele and pelvic congestion syndrome. Seminars in interventional radiology. 2008; 25(3): 26170. 10. doi: 1055/s-0028 -1085927

Crossref DOI URL q Ghosh, M. K. , M. L. Harter. 2003. A viral mechanism for remodeling chromatin structure in G 0 cells. Mol. Cell. 12: 255– 260, http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/S 10972765(03)00225 -9

Short DOI q Ghosh, M. K. , M. L. Harter. 2003. A viral mechanism for remodeling chromatin structure in G 0 cells. Mol. Cell. 12: 255– 260, http: //doi. org/bm 6

“Crossref” q A permanent DOI link behind the text q Ghosh, M. K. , M. L. Harter. 2003. A viral mechanism for remodeling chromatin structure in G 0 cells. Mol. Cell. 12: 255– 260, Crossref.

“Full Text” or “Article” q A permanent DOI link behind the text q Ghosh, M. K. , M. L. Harter. 2003. A viral mechanism for remodeling chromatin structure in G 0 cells. Mol. Cell. 12: 255– 260, Article.

Clinical Trial Registration q Trachtenberg F, Maserejian NN, Soncini JA, Hayes C, Tavares M. Does fluoride in compomers prevent future caries in children? J Dent Res. 2009 Mar; 88(3): 2769. Pub. Med PMID: 19329464. Clinical. Trials. gov registration number: NCT 00065988.

URL (NO DOI) ? q Arrami M, Garner H. A tale of two citations. Nature. 2008; 451(7177): 397– 399. Available from: http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 451/ n 7177/full/451397 a. html [Accessed 20 th January 2015]. q Save a copy

Web page / website ? ! q. Author / Editor Ø use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named Ø Title (italics) Ø Available from: URL [Date of access] q European Space Agency. Rosetta: rendezvous with a comet. Available from: http: //rosetta. esa. int [Accessed 15 th June 2015].

All together q. Zhang M, Holman CD, Price SD, Sanfilippo FM, Preen DB, Bulsara MK. Comorbidity and repeat admission to hospital for adverse drug reactions in older adults: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009 Jan 7; 338: a 2752. doi: 10. 1136/bmj. a 2752. Pub. Med PMID: 19129307; Pub. Med Central PMCID: PMC 2615549.

q 26. Hosseinifar H, Sabbaghian M, Nasrabadi D, Modarresi T, Dizaj AV, Gourabi H, et al. Study of the effect of varicocelectomy on sperm proteins expression in patients with varicocele and poor sperm quality by using twodimensional gel electrophoresis. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2014; 31: 725– 9. doi: 10. 1007/s 10815 -014 -02090. [PMC free article][Pub. Med] [Cross Ref] Clickable links

Secondary Referencing q Should be avoided? q “According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo as cited by Holding et al. (7) most patients given opiates do not become addicted …”

Citing tables & figures q In-text citation: Ø Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (8: p. 22). Ø‘Geological map of the easternmost region of Iran’ (9: p. 532).

Other Sources

Don’t use them

Chapters in Edited Books q Author of the chapter q Title of chapter, followed by: “In: ” q “Editors” or “eds. ” after the names of editors q Book Title (italics) q Edition q Place of publication q Publisher q Year of publication q Page numbers (“p. ” before)

Chapters in Edited Books q Pagel JF, Pegram GV. The role for the primary care physician in sleep medicine. In: Pagel JF, Pandi-Perumal SR, editors. Primary care sleep 2 nd ed. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 149– 170.