CIRCULATORY SYSTEM NOTES CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD HEART AND

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM NOTES CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM = BLOOD, HEART AND BLOOD FLOW

INTRO. TO CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • HUMANS HAVE A CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • BLOOD IS CONFINED TO VESSELS • 5 LITERS IN 1 HUMAN = 7 -8% OF YOUR WEIGHT • 3 DROPS OF BLOOD IS 1 BILLION RBC • 600 RBC = 40 PLATELETS AND 1 WBC

BLOOD COMPONENTS 1. PLASMA- LIQUID CONTAINS: • CLOTTING FACTORS • HORMONES • ANTIBODIES • GASES, WASTE, NUTRIENTS

BLOOD COMPONENTS 2. ERYTHROCYTES- AKA RED BLOOD CELL • CARRY HEMOGLOBIN, • NO NUCLEUS, 120 DAY LIFE, • CANNOT REPAIR THEMSELVES, ERYTHROPOIESIS

3. LEUKOCYTES- WHITE BLOOD CELLS FORMED IN BONE MARROW, FIGHT INFECTION 5 TYPES • NEUTROPHIL - 58%; MAIN DEFENSE, PHAGOCYTOSIS • LYMPHOCYTE- 30%; B AND T CELLS, IMMUNITY, RECOGNITION • EOSINOPHIL- 2%; PARASITE/ALLERGIES • GRANULOCYTE- DIGESTIVE ENZYME

3. LEUKOCYTES- WBC 5 TYPES (CONTINUED) • BASOPHIL- 1%, ALLERGIES? ? ? UNKNOWN • GRANULOCYTE • MONOCYTE- 4% CREEPERS • GO AND LIVE IN TISSUES AND COME OUT WHEN NEEDED • GRANULOCYTE

CLOT IT UP! • 4. THROMBOCYTES- PLATELETS • CLOT BLOOD BY STICKING TOGETHER AND SECRETING PROTEIN CALLED FIBRIN • SUPER SMALL

BLOOD COMPOSITION

BLOOD PERCENTAGES ON PLANET (APPROX. ) • O+ 38% O- 7% = 46% • A+ 32% A- 6% = 38% • B+ 9% B- 1% = 11% • AB+ 3% AB-. 7% = 4% TRANSFUSIONS • TYPE O UNIVERSAL DONOR • TYPE AB UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

RH FACTOR • RHESUS MONKEY EITHER YOU HAVE THE PROTEIN (+) OR NOT (-)

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

CARDIOVASCULAR BASICS • HEART PUMPS 7, 000 L OF BLOOD/DAY • CONTRACTS 2. 5 BILLION TIMES IN LIFETIME 3 MAJOR ELEMENTS: • HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, BLOOD

FUNCTION • GENERATING BLOOD PRESSURE • ROUTING BLOOD • (SYSTEMIC VS. PULMONARY) • ENSURING ONE WAY BLOOD FLOW • HEART VALVES • REGULATE BLOOD SUPPLY • METABOLIC NEEDS MET • ASSIST IMMUNE SYSTEM

• PULMONARY CIRCUIT- BLOOD FLOW BETWEEN RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART TO LUNGS AND LEFT SIDE OF HEART • “LUNGS LAP” • SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT- PATHWAY BETWEEN RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES OF THE HEART • “BODY LAP”

THE HEART • CARDIAC MUSCLE WITH INTERCONNECTING CELLS • (INTERCALATED DISCS) • 4 CHAMBERS: • 2 ATRIA (LEFT AND RIGHT) • AURICLES (LOOK LIKE EARS/FLAPS) • 2 VENTRICLES (LEFT AND RIGHT)

THE HEART • MAJOR VEINS • SUPERIOR VENA CAVA AND PULMONARY VEINS • MAJOR ARTERIES • AORTA AND PULMONARY TRUNK

PATHWAY OF BLOOD 6. LUNG 1. SUPERIOR OR INFERIOR VENA CAVA 7. PULMONARY VEIN 2. RIGHT ATRIUM 8. BICUSPID VALVE 3. TRICUSPID VALVE 9. LEFT VENTRICLE 4. RIGHT VENTRICLE 10. AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE 5. PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE 11. AORTA 12. BODY

HEART WALL • EPICARDIUM- SEROUS MEMBRANE, OUTER SURFACE • MYOCARDIUM- MIDDLE LAYER, RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTRACTION • ENDOCARDIUM- INNER SURFACE OF HEART CHAMBERS

BLOOD VESSELS

BLOOD VESSELS • NETWORK OF TUBES • ARTERIES → ARTERIOLES • MOVE AWAY FROM HEART, • ELASTIC FIBERS • SMOOTH CIRCULAR MUSCLES • VEINS → VENULES • MOVES TOWARD THE HEART • SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTS TO FORCE BLOOD BACK FROM LEGS • 1 WAY VALVES • WHEN THEY BREAK → VARICOSE VEINS FORM

TINY, TINY VESSELS • CAPILLARIES- WHERE GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE • 1 CELL THICK • SERVES RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • ARTERIOLES- MICROSCOPIC ARTERIES

CARDIAC BLOOD CYCLE BLOOD MOVES FROM HIGH TO LOW PRESSURE • CONTRACTION- SYSTOLE, PRODUCE PRESSURE • RELAXATION- DIASTOLE BLOOD PRESSURE

CARDIAC BLOOD CYCLE • VASODILATION- SYSTOLE, SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAX CREATING WIDE BLOOD VESSELS, LOWER PRESSURE, ELIMINATE EXCESS HEAT, ENHANCE CLOTTING FACTORS, INCREASE OXYGEN DELIVERY • VASOCONSTRICTION- DIASTOLE, SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTS CREATING NARROW BLOOD VESSELS, RETAIN HEAT, REDUCE BLOOD LOSS, INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE, EPINEPHRINE AND CAFFEINE

HEART SOUNDS • 1 ST LUB (AV VALVE CLOSE, BEGINNING OF SYSTOLE) • 2 ND DUB (AORTIC/PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSE---DIASTOLIC BEGINNING, LASTS LONGER) • 3 RD (OCCASIONAL)- CAUSED BY TURBULENT BLOOD FLOW INTO VENTRICLES

HEARTBEAT • TACHYCARDIA- FASTER THAN NORMAL HEART RATE • BRADYCARDIA- SLOWER THAN NORMAL HR • ARRHYTHMIA- IRREGULAR HEART BEAT

HEART HOMEOSTASIS • BARORECEPTORS- MONITOR BLOOD PRESSURE • CHEMORECEPTORS- MONITOR PH, OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE

EKG/ECG • CHECK ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF HEART • HELP DIAGNOSING: UNEXPLAINED CHEST PAIN, HEART DISEASE, CHECK MEDICATIONS, PACEMAKERS, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE • LAY DOWN, ELECTRODES ATTACH TO YOU, TAKES ABOUT 5 -10 MINUTES • NORMAL HEART BEAT = 60 -100 BEATS PER MINUTE • ABNORMAL = LOWER THAN 60 OR HIGHER THAN 100

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON HEART • STRENGTHENING! • RELAX, REDUCE STRESS

ENLARGED HEART (CARDIOMEGALY) • LEADS TO CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, CANNOT PUMP BLOOD NORMALLY, WALLS BECOME THIN AND STRETCH • CAUSES: VIRAL, KIDNEY DISEASE, DRUG ABUSE, GENETIC, HIV • BLOOD DOPING- INCREASE RBC, INCREASE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN

CHOLESTEROL • GOOD- HDL • BAD- LDL • CAN REMOVE LDL BY CARRYING IT TO LIVER • WHERE IT CAN BE BROKEN DOWN AND REMOVED • PLAQUE, HARDENING, CLOGGING CAN LEAD TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HEART ATTACK AND STROKE