CHRONOLOGY OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT December 7
CHRONOLOGY OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT
December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese.
December 8, 1941 � � The Presidential Address to Congress FDR regarded December 1, 1942 as “a day that will live in infamy. ” http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 Vq. QAf 7 4 fs. E Link may not work. If not, just google it.
December 1941 � � � Presidential Proclamation No. 2525 gives blanket authority to Attorney General for a sweep of suspects Dec. 8: Treasury Department seizes all Japanese banks and businesses Dec. 9: Many Japanese language schools closed Dec. 11: FBI warns against possession of cameras or guns by suspected “enemy” aliens Dec. 27: Attorney General orders all suspected “enemy” aliens in West to surrender short wave radios and cameras Dec. 30: California revokes liquor license held by non-citizen Japanese
January 1942 � � � 1: Attorney General freezes travel by all suspected “enemy” aliens, orders surrender of weapons 14: President Roosevelt orders re-registration of suspected “enemy” aliens in West 27: Los Angeles City and County discharges all Japanese on civil service lists 29: US Attorney General Francis Biddle issued the first of a series of orders establishing limited strategic areas along the Pacific Coast and requiring the removal of all suspected “enemy” aliens from these areas 31: Attorney General establishes 59 additional prohibited zones in CA to be cleared by Feb. 15
February 1942 4: Attorney General establishes curfew zones in California to become effective Feb. 4 14: Lt. General J. De. Witt, Commanding General of the Western Defense Command, sends a memorandum to the Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson recommending the removal of “Japanese and other subversive persons” from the West Coast area 19: President Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066, authorizing Secretary of War, on any military commander designated by Secretary to establish ‘military areas’ and exclude there from ‘any or all persons’ 20: Secretary Stimson designated General De. Witt as military commander empowered to carry out an evacuation within his command under the terms of Executive Order No. 9066
March 1942 � � 2: General De. Witt issues Proclamation No. 1, designating the Western half of the Pacific Coast states and the southern third of Arizona as military areas and stipulating that all persons of Japanese descent would eventually be removed 7: Army acquire Owens Valley Site for Manzanar temporary detention center 11: General De. Witt establishes the Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA), with Colonel Karl R. Bendetsen as Director to carry out the internment plan. 16: Wartime Civil Control Administration establishes military area in Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Nevada, designate 934 prohibited zone to be cleared.
March 1942 (continued) � � � 18: President Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9102 creating the War Relocation Authority to assist person evacuated by the military under Executive Order No. 9066. Milton S. Eisenhower was named director. 20: WCCA acquires Santa Anita as a temporary detention center. 21: President Roosevelt signed Public Law 503 (77 th Congress) making it a federal offense to violate any order issued by a designated military commander under authority of Executive Order No. 9066.
March 1942 (continued) � � 22: First large contingent of Japanese and Japanese Americans moved from Los Angeles to the Manzanar temporary detention center operated by the Army in the Owens Valley of California. 23: General De. Witt issues Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1 ordering the evacuation of all people of Japanese descent from Bainbridge Island in Puget Sound and their removal by March 30, to the Puyallup Army temporary detention center near Seattle. 24: Curfew for all aliens and Japanese proclaimed for military area one and other strategic areas in west effective March 27. WCCA acquires sites for temporary detention centers in California at Merced, Tulare, Marysville, and Fresno. 27: General De. Witt issued Proclamation No. 4 (effective March 29) forbidding further voluntary migration of Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast military areas.
April 1942 3: First compulsory incarceration of Los Angeles Japanese to Santa Anita temporary detention center. 28: Seattle internees are sent to temporary detention center at Puyallup fairgrounds, called “Camp Harmony. ” 28: 132 Alaska internees are sent to Puyallup temporary detention center; later to Minidoka Internment camp.
May 1942 8: The first contingent of internees arrive at the Colorado River Internment camp (Poston) near Parker, Arizona. 19: Western Defense Command issues Civilian Restriction Order No. 1 establishing all temporary detention centers in the eight far western states as military areas and forbidding residents to leave these areas without expressed approval of the Western Defense Command. 27: The first contingent of internees arrives at the Tule Lake internment camp in Northern CA, this group included 447 volunteers who came from Puyallup and Portland temporary detention centers.
June 1942 � � 1: Manzanar Army temporary detention center was transferred from WCCA to WRA and concerted to Manzanar Internment Camp. 1 -4: Internees arrive directly from rural Oregon and Washington to the Tule Lake prison. 2: General De. Witt issued Public Proclamation No. 6 forbidding further voluntary migration of people of Japanese descent from the eastern half of CA and simultaneously announce that all such people would eventually be removed from this area directly to Internment camps. 17: President Roosevelt appointed Dillon S. Myer to succeed Milton S. Eisenhower as Director of WRA
July 13, 1942 Mitsuye Endo petitions for a writ of habeas corpus stating that she was loyal and law abiding United States citizen, that no charge had been made against her, that she was being unlawfully detained, and she was confined in an internment camp under armed guard held there against her will. habeas corpus: which requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court; ensures that a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention
August 1942 � � � 7: Western Defense Commander announced the completion of removal of more than 120, 000 Japanese Americans from their homes 10: Minidoka Internment camp near Twin Falls, Idaho receives the first contingent of internees from the Puyallup Army temporary detention center. 12: Heart Mountain Internment Camp near Cody, Wyoming received its first group of internees from the Pomona Army temporary detention center. 15: Farm labor strike at Tule Lake Internment Camp 27: The Granada Internment camp near La Mar, Colorado was opened with the arrival of a group from Merced temporary camp.
September 1942 11: The Central Utah Internment camp, near Delta, Utah received its first group from Tanforan temporary camp. 18: The Rohwer Internment Camp near Mc. Ghee, Arkansas received its first group of internees from the Stockton temporary detention camp
October 6, 1942 The Jerome Internment Camp near Dermont, Arkansas---the last of the 10 centers received a group of internees from Fresno, CA.
November 3, 1942 The transfer of internees from temporary detention centers was completed with the arrival of the last group at the Jerome Camp from Fresno, CA.
1943 Ø Ø Jan. 4 WRA field offices established in Chicago, Salt Lake City, Cleveland, Minneapolis, Des Moines, New York City, Denver, Kansas City, and Boston Jan. 23 Secretary of war Henry Stimson announced plans to form an all-Japanese American Combat team to be made up of volunteers from both the mainland Hawaii. Feb. 8 Registration (loyalty questionnaire) of all persons over 17 years of age for Army recruitment, segregation and relocation begins at most of the internment camps. May 6 Ms. Eleanor Roosevelt spent a day at the Gila River Internment camp
Hirabayashi v. United States Yasui v. United States The Supreme Court rules that a curfew may be imposed against one group of American citizens based solely on ancestry and that Congress in enacting Public Law 77 -503 authorized the implementation of Executive Order 9066 and provided criminal penalties for violation of orders of the Military Commander
1944 Ø Ø Feb. 16 President Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9423 transferring WRA to the Department of the Interior May The all-Japanese American 442 Regimental Combat Team (RCT) sent to the Italian front.
June 6, 1944 D-Day Invasion of Normandy, France
1944 (continued) June 30 Jerome Internment camp closed; the remaining personnel transferred to Amache, Granada, Colorado and Rohwer, Arkansas Dec. 17 The war department announced the revocation (effective Jan. 2, 1945) of the West Coast mass exclusion orders which had been in effect against people of Japanese descent since the spring of 1942 Dec. 18 The WRA announced that all internment camps would be closed before the end of 1945 and the entire WRA program would be liquidated on June 30, 1946
December 18, 1944 Korematsu Vs. United States � The Supreme Court rules that one group of citizens may be singled out and expelled from their homes and imprisoned for several years without trail, based solely on their ancestry � In ex parte Endo, the US Supreme Court rules that WRA has no authority to detain a “concededly loyal” American citizen
1945 § § April 29: 442 All Japanese American Regiment frees prisoners at the Dachau Concentration Camp August 15: Victory over Japan (V-J Day) September: Western Defense Command issues Public Proclamation No. 24 revoking all individual exclusion orders and all further military restrictions against persons of Japanese descent Oct. 15 -Dec. 15: all WRA Internment camps are closed except for Tule Lake Center
1946 � � � March 20: Tule lake Segregation Center closed June 30: War Relocation Authority program officially terminates Oct. 30: Crystal City Detention center, Texas operated by the Justice Department releases last Japanese Americans. The closing of the Japanese American Internment Program
July 2, 1948 Evacuation Claims Act passed, giving internees until January 3, 1950 to file claims against the government for damages to or loss of real or personal property consequence of the evacuation. Total of 31 million paid by the government for property lost by internees-equaling less than 10 cents per dollar
February 19, 1976 President Gerald Formally rescinds Executive Order No. 9066
June 23, 1983 Report of the Commission of Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), entitled Personal Justice denied, concludes that exclusion, expulsion and incarceration were not justified by military necessity, and the decisions to do so were based on race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.
October 4, 1983 In response to a petition for a writ of error coram nobis by Fred Korematsu, the Federal District Court of san Francisco reverses his 1942 conviction and rules that the internment was not justified *writ of error coram nobis: is a legal writ issued by a court to correct a previous error
November 2, 1989 President George Bush signed Public Law 101102 which guarantees fund for reparation payments to the World War II internment survivors beginning in October of 1990. For the Japanese American community, it marks a victorious end to a long struggle for justice. For the nation, the President’s signature reaffirms the country’s commitment to equal justice under the law.
Bibliography http: //www. clpef. net/chrono. html
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