Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease also known as chronic

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD) chronic airflow limitation (CAL) chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a general term which includes the conditions chronic bronchitis and emphysema. • a chronic diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed (obstruction). This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing shortness of breath. • Chronic bronchitis and emphysema commonly occur together.

Emphysema

Emphysema

Emphysema

Chronic bronchitis • Lung damage and inflammation in the large airways results in chronic bronchitis. • Chronic bronchitis is defined in clinical terms as a cough with sputum production on most days for 3 months of a year, for 2 consecutive years.

Chronic bronchitis • chronic bronchitis is an increased number (hyperplasia) and increased size (hypertrophy) of the goblet cells and mucous glands of the airway. Increase the mucus narrowing of the airways and causing cough with sputum. • Inflammation scarring and thickens of the walls narrowing of the airways. • As chronic bronchitis progresses, squamous metaplasia and fibrosis thickening and scarring of the airway wall limitation of airflow.

Chronic bronchitis CAUSE: • Cigarette smoke • Air pollution • Viral and bacterial infection

Chronic bronchitis

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Case study • A 69 years old man smoker suffaring of shortness of breath , wheezing , and history of cough productive of mucoid sputum in every winter for last 3 years.

Questions 1 -which of his symptom suggest COPD? • shortness of breath (dyspnea) • wheezing • cough productive of mucoid sputum 2 -What is his risk factor for COPD? Cigarette smoking

Questions 3. How is COPD diagnosed? • medical history which discloses many of the symptoms of COPD diagnose COPD • chest x-ray • computerized tomography • (CAT or CT scan) of the chest • tests of lung function (pulmonary function tests) • measurement of carbon dioxide and O 2 and CO 2 levels in the blood.

question 4. COPD may be presented as all of the followings except a) b) c) d) increase in the amount sputum production increase in the chest tightness wheezing fever

questions 5. Which of the following diseases is included in the umbrella term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? • a. Emphysema • b. Chronic bronchitis • c. Lung cancer • d. A and B

questions 6. Long-term exposure to which of the following can increase the risk for COPD? • The correct answer is • A. Airborne chemicals • B. Pollutants • C. Lung irritants • D. All of the above

Questions • • • 7. How is COPD treated? A. Bronchodilators B. Inhaled corticosteroids C. Supplemental oxygen D. All of the above

Bronchial asthma • A 40 -year-old previously healthy woman, a non-smoker, has had episodes of fever, nonproductive cough, and dyspnea over the past 3 months. Her symptoms disappeared after a month's vacation, but reappeared when she returned home to take care of her canaries. On physical examination there are no abnormal findings

question 1. a) b) c) d) What is most likely diagnosis? Emphazyma Bronchial asthma Lung cancer Lung abscess

Questions 2. What is the bronchial asthma? • Is a condition characterized by reversible bronchospasm and chronic inflammation of respiratory passages.

Questions • Factors causing bronchial hyperresponsiveness in bronchial asthma are: • A. Allergens, e. g. pollen, house-dust, mite • B. Drugs : NSAIDs, aspirin • C. Viral infections of the respiratory tract • D. All of the above