Christopher Columbus 1451 1506 First Encounter 1492 Columbus

Christopher Columbus [1451 -1506]

First Encounter • 1492 Columbus sails the ocean blue. • Looking for India he lands on what is now called the West Indies in Caribbean. • Raped and pillaged the islands. Taking all resources back to Spain.

Columbus’ Four Voyages

European Explorations

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Hernan Cortes Moctezuma II

Cortes vs. Moctezuma • Hernan Cortes lands in Mexico 1519 with 600 men and 16 horses. • Makes alliances with the natives who were unhappy with Aztec Rulers • Attacks the city of Tenochititlan • Is defeated by Montezuma and retreats

Tenochtitlan

Cortes vs. Moctezuma • News spreads that Montezuma is killed in battle. • Cortes regroups and attacks again in 1521 taking over the magnificent city. That today is Mexico City. • Cortes inspires other Conquistadors in South America.

Tlaxcalan

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortes

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Pizarro Atahualpa

Pizarroo vs. Atahualpa • Fransico Pizarroo with help from the natives took control of Peru. • Atahualpa (new leader) was told to give over his empire and to accept Christianity. • Atahualpa refused and was held for ransom. • Ransom was paid and Atalhualpa was killed

How Did They Do It? • Military Technology (Muskets, Cannons, and armor) • Horses that freighted the natives. • Division amongst the Indians. • European disease statistic – Native population dropped 90% from 50 million to 4 million

Spanish Treatment of Cubans

VICEROYS • Officials appointed to rule in The Americas • Directed by the King of Spain

Bartolome de Las Casas • A priest who sought to protect the Native Americans from European abuses • Recommendation: replace American laborers with imported African slaves • See page 80

The Colombian Exchange • The trade of goods between the New World (The Americas) and the Old World (Europe & Africa) • Bad things also were exchanged between the East and West. • Diseases like small pox, measles, and influenza came to America and killed along with war 95% of natives.

The “Columbian Exchange” v Olive Oil v Birds v Peppers v Black Pepper v Chicken v Donkey v Turnips v Cabbage v Lettuce v Rabbit v Cotton v Rat v Olives v Coffee Bean v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v Sugar Cane v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v Horse v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Strawberry v Cocoa v Pineappl v Cassava v Potato Tomato v Vanilla v Corn e v Peanut v v Chocolate v Birds (Fowl) v Honey Bee v Bear v Sunflowers v Alpaca v Honeybee v Bison v Papaya v Guinea Pig v Muscles v Lama v Chilies v Shrimp v Crabs v Pecan

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conqu istado res M iss ion ar ies Official European Colony! Perm an Sett ent lers

Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Sacrifice of the First-Born by Theodore de Bry

Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1. Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2. Establish a favorable balance of trade. 3. Get colonies.

Treasures from the Americas!

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Native Indians Mulattos Black Slaves

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Father Bartolomé de Las Casas New Laws --> 1542

European Empires in the Americas