Choosing Foods Wisely Chapter 02 What Is Nutritional

Choosing Foods Wisely Chapter 02

What Is Nutritional Status? • Undernutrition • Inadequate intake of nutrient or energy • Nutritional deficiency • Overnutrition • Nutritional toxicity • Nutritional status • Malnutrition

What Is Nutritional Status? • Malnutrition • Primary malnutrition • Inadequate diet • Secondary malnutrition • Treatment • Adequate nutrient intake • Influential factors • Nutritional accuracy

Dietary Intake Influences Nutritional Status & Health

How Is Nutritional Status Assessed? • ABCD methods of nutritional assessment • Anthropometric measurement • Physical dimensions and composition • Easy and inexpensive • Height and weight • Circumferences • Body composition • Amount and distribution

How Is Nutritional Status Assessed? • ABCD methods of nutritional assessment • Biochemical measurement • Lab analysis of biological sample • Clinical assessment • Medical history • Signs • Symptoms

How Is Nutritional Status Assessed? • ABCD methods of nutritional assessment • Dietary assessment • Diet recall • Food frequency questionnaire • Diet record or food record • Food composition tables and dietary analysis software

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? • Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) • Set of four dietary assessment standards • Life stages • 16 for females and 10 for males • Nutrient requirement • Amount that must be consumed for optimal health Factors that influence nutrient requirements •

Dietary Reference Intake Standards

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? • Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) • Meets physiological requirement of half of • • healthy people Not available for all nutrients Cannot be used for individuals • Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) • Derived from EARs • Used for individuals • Not available for all nutrients

Comparing EARs to RDAs

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? • Adequate Intake levels (AIs) • Not enough evidence to establish EAR • Only AIs for life stage birth to 6 months • Tolerable Upper Intake levels (ULs) • Highest level of usual daily intake likely to be safe

Using DRI Values to Assess Nutritional Status

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? • Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) • Average intake to maintain a healthy weight • Influential factors • Physical activity • Mathematical equations

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? • Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) • Carbohydrates • 45 to 65 percent of total energy • Proteins • 10 to 35 percent of total energy • Fats • 20 to 35 percent of total energy

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? • USDA food patterns • Categorize nutritionally similar foods • Recommendations for number of servings • Currently five food groups • Dietary Guidelines for Americans • Incorporate USDA food patterns

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? • 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans • Important facts • Obesity epidemic • Physical inactivity and poor diet • Inability to acquire adequate food • Overarching goals • Help maintain energy balance over time • Help choose nutrient-dense foods

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? • 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans • Four groups of recommendations • Balance calories to manage weight • Strategies • Reduce consumption of certain foods & food components • Foods and food components of concern • Strategies

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? • 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans • Four groups of recommendations • Increase consumption of certain foods and nutrients • Potassium, dietary fiber, calcium, & vitamin D • Nutrients for certain populations Build healthy eating patterns • Key recommendations •

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? • USDA Food Patterns • Twelve eating patterns • Kinds of foods and proportions • Based on caloric needs • Five food groups • Nutrient density • Examples • Beverage intake • Recommendations

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? • My. Plate • Visual food guide • Replaced My. Pyramid • Daily food plans • Four basic themes • Build a healthy plate • Cut back on… • Eat the right amount of calories for you • Be physically active your way

The USDA My. Plate Graphic

An Example of a Daily Food Plan

How Can You Use Food Labels to Plan a Healthy Diet? • Required information on a food label • Nutrition Facts panel • Nutrient content of the food • Critical elements mandated by FDA • Daily Values • Two types • Nutrient’s recommended daily intake • Nutrient’s upper limit • “Good source”

Understanding Food Labels & Nutrition Facts Panels

How Can You Use Food Labels to Plan a Healthy Diet? • Nutrient content claims • How much of a nutrient is in a food • Health claims • Potential health benefits of foods or food • • components Must be approved by FDA Two kinds of health claims • Regular health claim • Qualified health claim

FDA-Approved Nutrient Content Claims

Can You Put These Concepts into Action? • Step 1: Set the stage and set your goals • Step 2: Assess your nutritional status • Step 3: Set the table to meet your goals • Step 4: Compare your plan and your assessment