Choosing a Code Diglossia Bilingualism and Multilingualism Code
Choosing a Code: Diglossia, Bilingualism and Multilingualism, Code Choice, Code Switching and Code Mixing. By Wiwik Mardiana
Code refers to a language or a variety of a language Particular code In general, however, when you open your mouth, you must choose a particular language, dialect, style, register, or variety
Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation. It Is also a characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals. It has three crucial features: Two distinct varieties of the same language area used in the community. High variety (H) Low variety (L) Each variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L complement each other. No one uses the H variety in everyday conversation. Societies or communities are diglossic.
LOW HIGH Informal/ relaxed situation Formal situation Set up clannish and familiarity atmosphere Set up formal situation (inspiring nationality)
Example Switzerland Potato Haiti Standard German (H) Kartoffel The varieties are Standard French (H) Swiss German (L) Hardopfel Haitian Creole (L)
Billingualism How do people become Bilingualism is the bilingual? individual’s capacity to Such people are likely to speak a second language be immigrants, visitors, while following the by acquiring two or children of ‘mixed’ concepts and structures languages at the same marriages and in that of that language rather time in childhood respect ‘marked’ in than paraphrasing his or some way, and such her mother tongue marking is not always by learning a second (Titone: 1972) regarded favorably language sometime after (Wardhaugh: 96). someone who speaks acquiring their first two languages language
Bilingualism and Multilingualism is a norm in this Multilingual speaker community. It refers to a speaker Monolingualism, results from the who can use more that is, the ability to pattern of than two use only one languages. marriage and the language (Fishman: 1972, in living arrangements Jendra: 2010). consequent to marriage.
Code Switching Using a particular code whenever people choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another even within sometimes very short utterances and thereby create a new code in a process Sarah John Sarah : I think every one’s here accept Mere. : she said she might be a bit late, but actually I think that’s her arriving now. : you’re right. Kia ora mere. Haere mai. Kei te phea koe? (switch between English and Maori)
Types of Code Switching 1. Tag Switching Definition • Tag switching occurs if the speakers use interjections or tags of different languages when they speak to signal speakers’ identity and solidarity. example • A: Engari (so), now we turn to more important matter (switch between maori and English) • B: Confiscated by custom, da gai (probably)
2. Situational Switching Wardhaugh (2006: 104) states that situational code switching occurs when the Holmes (2011: 36) states languages used change that situational switching according to the situation in happens due to the change which the conversations of situation. The change of find themselves; they speak topic, status, formality, and one language in one affective function. situation and another in a different one. No topic change involve. Jan : Hello petter. How is your wife now? Petter : Oh she’s much better thank you Jan. She’s out of hospital and convalescing well Jan : That’s good I’m pleased to hear it. DO YOU THINK YOU COULD HELP ME WITH THIS PESKY FORM? I AM HAVING A GREAT DEAL OF DIFFICULTY WITH IT Petter : OF COURSE. GIVE IT HERE…
Metaphorical Code Switching • Holmes (2001: 40) says that Metaphorical switching happened when there is a switch from one code to another. The reason is not simply understood, because when metaphorical switch happens, there is no change in topic and setting, quotation, humor, and Anger. • It is different from the concept of the metaphorical switching of Wardaugh. He asserted that “when a change of topic requires a change in the language used, we have metaphorical switching” (Wardaugh, 2006: 104).
In short, the concept of metaphorical switching is to draw the association of two codes for rhetorical reason and complex meaning. Each of speakers’ code represents a social meaning, and the association of codes is done by the speakers to represent a complex meaning.
• . TYPES OF CODE-SWITCHING Intra-sentential switching is switching languages in the middle of a sentence. This can mean changing languages for a phrase or for just one word. For example: - Tolong printkan tugasku ya! (Please, print my assignment out!) -Among Spanish–English bilinguals: No van a bring it up in the meeting. (‘They are not going to bring it up in the meeting. ’) Inter-sentential switching is switching from one language to another for whole sentences at a time. For example: Ibuku memelukku dan berbisik, “Take care of yourself, my daughter” (Jaga dirimu baik- baik ya anakku) Tag switching Involves the insertion of a tag in one language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in the other languages. For example “U know, I mean”, etc. This category involves not only tags but also discourse markers such “Well, OK, all right” and interjections.
Reasons for code switching SETTING PARTICIPANT FEATURES - Addressee specification - Ethnic identity marker - Express solidarity - Express social distance Assert social status TOPIC - Quoting someone - Proverb ASPECT OF FUNCTION OR PURPOSE OF INTERACTION - Add emphasis - Add authority - Express feelings
Factors Using Code Switching in ELT based on Tabaku (2014) research In Albanian context, he found that there are seven factors of code switching done by the teacher in the classroom. The factors consist of the teacher’s foreign language proficiency, students’ proficiency, the method used, teaching activity conducted, class size, lesson content, and learning objective.
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