CHM 130 study guide for final exam Instructor

CHM 130 study guide for final exam. Instructor: Ken Costello Visuals Topics Building Blocks Forces & Energy 1. Stone tool technology depended on finding rocks with glass-like properties. Obsidian was one of them. What are the two primary elements that make up glass? 2. When a clay pot is fired, a chemical change occurs which makes it waterproof and harder. When clay is fired, what compound is driven off? Firing requires high temperatures. Name three fuels that ancient people used. (3 pts) Water 3. Food stored will spoil unless something inhibits the growth of bacteria and mold. Animal fat Wood Animal Dung (anything flammable) Bacteria absorb dissolved How does salt pull water nutrients to survive. What out of food? compound do you eliminate Salt has + & - charges that to stop this process? pull on water What kind of bond is there between these elements? Covalent Silicon and oxygen Water Or water has + & charges that pull on the salt. Mathematics Obsidian density is 2. 4 g/cm 3. The mass of an obsidian arrow head is 7. 2 grams. What is its volume? A. 7. 2 cm 3 B. 3 cm 3 B C. 3 grams D. 3 times Ceramic instructions says fire at 1000°C. Your kiln temp gauge is in Fahrenheit, what do you set it to? (F=C*9/5+32) A. 9032 °F D B. 243°F C. 587 °F D. 1832 °F Wine is preserved with 120 mg per liter sulfur dioxide (SO 2). Your doctor says you can have 90 mg. How much can you drink? A. 750 m. L B. 0. 75 m. L C. 1333 cc D. 1. 33 L A

Visuals Topic Building Blocks 4. Supernovas are responsible for creating the 100+ elements we know of. Looking at the atomic weights, what element needs to fuse with oxygen to make silicon? Carbon. Forces & Energy Millions of degrees are needed for elements to fuse together. Why? To overcome electron to electron & proton to proton repulsions Mathematics The remains of a supernova are neutrons at density of 454 billion g/cm 3. A teaspoon (5 cc) of this weighs how many lbs. ? A. 17 battleships (5 billion lbs) B. 9 locomotives (1 million lbs) A C. 454 billion lbs. 5. The Periodic Table of the Elements organizes elements in rows and columns. 6. The Periodic Table of the Elements organizes elements in rows and columns. If sodium had been the building block, find an alternative with similar properties. One of these: Potassium (K), Lithium (Li), Rubidium (Rb), or any from Group 1 A. Which column in the Periodic Table has elements that pull the hardest on electrons? Or 17 [Letters are good. Name not Which two columns have What kind of bond is there needed] elements that combine with between these elements? each other the most aggressively? Ionic 1 A and 7 A Name this compound P 3 O 4 (2 pts) Twice 7 A Or 1 and 17 7. These seven non-metals combine to make poisonous gases. Knowing which gases are lighter or heavier than air could save your life. D. 1 million grams. How many times heavier is sulfur compared with oxygen? Air inside a hot air balloon is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, Triphosphorus tetraoxide water vapor, and carbon Or triphosphorus monoxide. What force is tetroxide. causing the hot air balloon to rise? Electronegativity measures attraction to electrons: F=4. 0, Na=0. 93, K=0. 82, Cl=3. 16. Which has stronger bond, Na. F or KCl? Na. F To compare densities of gases, compare molecular weight. Which is more dense, nitrogen monoxide or carbon monoxide? Nitrogen monoxide.

Visuals Topic 8. Groups 1 A, & 2 A are called alkali metals & alkali Earth metals. The name “alkali” is Arabic for the saltwort plant. Building Blocks The ashes of the Al Kali plant contain hydroxides (OH -) of groups 1 A & 1 B. These neutralize acids (H+) to make what? 9. Water absorbs Draw a water molecule. heat well, which Label atoms and show is why it’s used in where partial charges are. . car radiators. + H O 10. One food calorie is actually 1000 calories. So a 1000 calorie milkshake is actually 1 million calories (1, 000 kcal). Lab students are warned about adding acids (H+) to bases (OH-). These neutralize each other, so what’s the problem? Mathematics One mole of Ca(OH)2 is mixed with 2 moles of H 2 SO 4. How many moles of water is produced? 2 moles A lot of heat is produced. Water H Forces & Energy (optional) It may boil and splash. What causes water to have How many calories is a higher than expected boiling point? The + & - ends of water pull on each other. needed to raise 53 gallons (200 Liters) of water in a water heater from 20°C (room temp) to 70°C? C A. 10, 000 calories B. 100, 000 calories C. 10, 000 calories A (1000 kcal) milkshake can run a 40 watt bulb for how many hours? (note: 1 calorie produces 4 watts for 1 sec. ) When sugar is “burnt” for energy, it makes the same two building blocks that built it, which are…? Cellulose is made of chains of glucose. Why don’t we get calories (energy) from eating cellulose? Carbon dioxide and water. A. 28 hours We don’t have the enzymes to break up the B. 0. 03 hours cellulose into glucose. C. 40 hours A D. 69 hours 11. Living things are built from 6 elements with a few metals needed for certain proteins. What are those 6 elements? In living things, energy from Energy from ribose comes 6 pts from this reaction. Balance sugar makes ATP which provides energy for reactions. it. Hydrogen How many phosphate Carbon groups are in ATP? __C 5 H 10 O 5 + _5 O 2 Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur _5 CO 2 + 3 _5 H 2 O

Visuals Topic 12. Supernova explosions spread elements all over the universe. Gravity collects elements to form new stars and solar systems. Building Blocks Forces & Energy Helium is 2 nd most abundant element in universe, yet very little is on Earth. Why? (2 pts) What would a helium balloon do if released on surface of the moon? Why? (2 pts) Being light it is lost to space. Being inert, it doesn’t bond. It would fall. Mathematics Abundance is given in %, ppm, or ppb. Write these as fractions. (3 pts) 1/100, 1/1, 000 Gravity is the reason 1/1, 000, 000 (optional: there is no air to lift it)pressure depends on The ideal gas law is 13. Atoms are too Gas Making trillions of small to count, so PV=n. RT. The symbols molecules of CO 2 is easy: the speed of the gas chemistry resorts to burn coal. Why is making molecules. How does stand for what? 5 pts P=pressure indirect ways of temperature affect the one molecule hard? V=volume counting. I call it the speed? n=moles art of counting They are too small to see Speed is proportional to R=0. 0821 without counting. temperature or handle. T=Temperature (or temperature goes up, speed goes up. ) A solution of sodium sulfide Water pulls on compounds If 144. 5 grams of cadmium 14. In chemical reactions elements [Na 2 S] and cadmium sulfide precipitate was that have a charge. nitrate [Cd(NO 3)2] are rearrange Sometimes this dissolves produced. How many mixed to make yellow themselves. atoms of cadmium is in them. When one of the precipitate of cadmium precipitate? sulfide [Cd. S] and aqueous compounds to the left is A. 1 mole sodium nitrate. What kind not soluble in water? B. 112. 4 of reaction is this? Double replacement 15. Crime labs use color tests (spot tests) to screen for drugs. One common one is the Duquenois-Levine Test for testing marijuana. Chemicals needed are acetaldehyde, What are the formulas for ethanol, hydrochloric acid, and chloroform? (3 pts) CH 3 CH 2 OH or C 2 H 6 O HCl CHCl 3 Cd. S (or cadmium sulfide) Chloroform is mostly nonpolar and will not mix with the polar ethanol/hydrochloric acid mixture. What does polar mean? One end of molecule is +, other end -. C. 6 x 1023 D. 1. 28 moles Spot test recipe calls for 1 mole acetaldehyde. How many grams of acetaldehyde is that? O A. 44 grams B. 16 grams C. 32 grams D. 29 grams

Visuals Topic 16. Fluoride (F-) in high doses is lethal, in low doses it is used to fight tooth decay. Building Blocks The mineral in teeth is apatite with formula: Ca? (PO 4)3 OH How many Calciums are needed to make this compound neutral? Five Hoax & Myth Busters. Forces & Energy Acids attack the OH in apatite turning the OH to H 2 O. The apatite is left with +1 charge. How will water respond? Negative end of water will be attracted and pull apatite apart 17. String theory tries to unify all forces and all matter. Even though it requires 11 dimensions, the math does explain all forces and all known particles. What does the string What are the 4 forces of theory say is the smallest the universe? 5 pts building block that makes everything in the universe? Gravity Electromagnetic Force Strong Nuclear Force Weak Nuclear Force 18. The Internet is full of hoaxes and myths. Many relate to chemistry. Claim: A golfer who had a habit of chewing on his golf tee died after playing 4 rounds of golf. He died from ingesting fungicide sprayed on the grass by chewing on the golf tee. Below is the structure of the fungicide he died from. If someone burned this fungicide, could hydrogen cyanide [HCN] and hydrochloric acid [HCl] be products of this burning (assume hydrogen could come from moisture in the air)? Status: TRUE Yes. Extremely small strings of energy Mathematics Prescription fluoride toothpaste is 0. 4% wt/vol fluoride. How many grams of fluoride in 1 liter (about 10 tubes)? 4 grams. Will it kill you if lethal dose is 5 grams? No. Electromagnetic force is said to be 1036 times stronger than gravitational force. How many times would you have to say billion to equal this? And which one holds the nucleus of atoms together? Electromagnetic force. 4 times Carbon & nitrogen are bonded in the molecule by sharing 3 electrons each. Nitrogen has one pair of electrons not involved. Which would be attracted to this pair of electrons, acid [H+} or base [OH-]? H+ A liter of diet soda has 500 mg of aspartame. 1/10 of the aspartame will decompose into methanol. EPA set daily dose of 0. 5 mg per kg body weight for methanol. I weigh 100 kg. What is my limit for methanol? If I drink 2 liters of diet unpaired soda, do I go over that limit? . . … C N 19. List 3 myth-urban legend-hoax buster Websites: 3 pts www. snopes. com 50 mg. Yes. www. hoaxbusters. ciac. org