China Rejects Europeans n Ming Dynasty 1368 1644

China Rejects Europeans n Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644) n n n Defeated Mongol rulers of China Paid tribute by Korea, and other Southeast Asian countries Expected the Europeans pay tribute

n Hongwu: first emperor of Ming dynasty n Reformed agriculture in China Increased rice production n Improved irrigation n Fish farming n Commercial crops n

n Restored merit-based civil service exams Return to Confucian moral standards n Yonglo: Hongwu’s son and successor n Moved capital to Beijing n Launched 7 voyages of exploration n

n Zheng He: captain of 7 voyages n n n Sailed to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and Eastern Africa Some say he sailed around Africa, and perhaps even to the coast of California! Extends tribute system

n Ming dynasty and foreign trade n Allowed foreign trade in only 3 ports Commerce offended Confucian beliefs Taxes on commerce was high n Results: black market is established n n

Qing Dynasty n n n Came from Manchuria (Manchus) Took the name Qing in order to fit in Forced Chinese men to wear hair in pigtail Upheld traditional Confucian beliefs Secured their borders Restored prosperity

n Kangshi: Qing emperor n n Lowered taxes Reduced government spending Supported arts and sciences in China Had access to knowledge from outside world (including Europe)

n Qing dynasty and trade n n n Special ports Pay tribute “kowtow” Accepted Dutch as trade partners Silk, spices, porcelain, and tea was highly sought by European powers 80% of shipments in 1800 from China was tea

Korea n n n Korea paid tribute to the Manchus before they became the Qing dynasty Established their government according to Confucian principles The result of long control by the Manchus, Korea developed strong nationalist feelings

Life in Ming and Qing China n n Greater focus on agriculture meant great population growth By 1800 China’s population exceeded 300 million – what is current U. S. population? Nutrition and diet improved Women were considered inferior to men