China After World War I Nationalism and Revolution

China After World War I: Nationalism and Revolution The Chinese Revolution and Civil War

Qing (Manchu) Dynasty at end of 18 th c. 1. Unequal treaties 2. Warlords held power in parts of China 3. Resentment against foreigners and Qing (Manchu) Dynasty Western Scramble for Chinese Land

By 1899, problems existed that would lead to Revolution and collapse of the Manchu dynasty. Below: Emperor Guangxu (1875 -1908) Political Economic Not able to stand up to foreign aggression (imperialism) -Poverty of rural peasants -high taxes of provincial warlords -imperialism Social -anti-Western sentiment -resistance to modernizing rural, traditional China As China grows weaker, imperialists take more advantage, which in turn makes Qing (Manchu) Dynasty even weaker!

Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian in textbook) “The Father of Modern China” led The Chinese Revolution (1911) Vision: Make China follow pattern of Western Democracies Platform: Three Principles Cantonese peasant, educated in Hawaii to be a doctor, returned to China but focused attentions on strengthening China “NATIONALISM, DEMOCRACY, LIVELIHOOD” Problems / Obstacles: -no military support -no political strength -main support was from the small, but emerging urban middle class who wanted immediate Western liberal democratic reforms -country mostly rural peasants who did not support Sun’s party

A Selection from the Revolutionary Alliance Program (1905, Tokyo) By Sun Yat Sen …we proclaim to the world outline of the present revolution and the fundamental plan for the future administration of the nation. 1. Drive out the Tartars: The Manchus… conquered China and enslaved our Chinese people. The extreme cruelties and tyrannies of the Manchu government have now reached their limit. With the righteous army poised against them, we will overthrow that government, and restore our sovereign rights… 2. Restore China: China is the China of the Chinese. The Chinese government should be in the hands of the Chinese. After driving out the Tartars we must restore our national state. 3. Establish the Republic: Now our revolution is based on equality, in order to establish a republican government. All our people are equal and all enjoy political rights. The president will be publically chosen by the people of the country. The Parliament will be made up of members publically chosen by the people of the country. A constitution of the Chinese Republic will be enacted, and every person must abide by it. 4. Equalize land ownership: The good fortune of civilization is to be shared equally by all the people of the nation. We should improve our social and economic organization, and assess the value of all the land in the country. Its present price shall be received by the owner, but all increases in value resulting from reform and social improvements after the revolution shall belong to the state, to be shared by all the people, in order to create a socialist state, where each family within the empire can be well supported, each person, satisfied, and no one fail to secure employment. What type of socio-political system does Sun Yat-Sen want for China? How do you think the US would respond to the ideas in point 4?

Who becomes the leader after the collapse of dynasty? Gen. Yuan Shikai Military dictator -terror & murder -destroyed democratic institutions Dies in 1916 leaving a power vacuum -military warlords seized local power and reigned destruction, corruption, misery, down on peasants -fought for control of Beijing Unpopular Traditionalist, reformers, peasants hated him Above: The warlords that wreaked havoc on Chinese peasants. Because of their policies and actions, peasants were terrorized and exploited—rape, pillage, plunder --forced to pay taxes up to 30 years in advance, for their “protection and safety. Left: Gen. Yuan Shikai, (1911 - 1916)

What is China’s international standing in 1916? Shantung Peninsula Manchuria Treaty of Versailles “Boycott Japan!” “Down with European imperialists!” Shantung Peninsula "When the news… reached us we were greatly shocked. We… awoke to the fact that foreign nations were still selfish and militaristic… they were all great liars. ” China declared war on Germany in 1917 in order to gain a place at the post-war bargaining table. Wanted to regain control over the vital Shantung Peninsula and to reassert its strength before Japan. At Versailles, struggled bitterly to stake of their respective claims on the peninsula. Japan gave in on the racial-equality clause in the treaty in return for control over Germany’s possessions. China got nothing. China refused to sign it. A huge demonstration of professors and students was held in Tiananmen Square on May 4, 1919, protesting the peace treaty.

The Gradual slide into Civil War Guomindang (GMD) (Nationalists) Communist Party (CCP) (Comintern lead) [Kuomintang = old spelling in textbook] red for Han yellow for Manchus blue for Mongols white for Huis and Uyghurs black for Tibetans “Five Races Under One Union” (from 1912 -1928) Leader: Sun Yat-Sen Flag of CCP Right: Comintern sent Mikhail Borodin to organize the CCP and assist the GMD Sought help to unite and strengthen country, but antiimperialist position alienated the West Formed in Shanghai in 1921, by young radicals and several faculty/staff members from Beijing U. Needed help Advised by Comintern, who told them to link up with the Nationalists

Nationalists and Communists Cooperation with mutual suspicion Nationalists Agreed to an alliance in 1923 in order to fight the warlords and drive out the imperialists Communists Mobilized and trained forces Above: The National Revolutionary Party marches north into British Territory Helped plan the Northern Expedition (1926) Northern Expedition: -Marched into north from Canton and wrested power from warlords -Within a year, controlled all of southern part of China and parts of Wuhan/Shanghai -victories surprised everyone

The Changing of the Guard Sun Yat-Sen dies in 1925 Above left: Sun Yat-Sen’s funeral train. Below left: Sun Yat. Sen’s funeral in Nanjing. Above Right: Jiang Jieshi, Sun Yat. Sen’s brother-in-law, became new leaders of the GMD. His leadership as General during the Northern Expedition made him the clear and expected successor.

Nationalists and Communists Alliance ends, civil war begins Communists Nationalists “The Japanese are a disease of the skin, but the Communists are a disease of the heart. ” Leader: Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1927: Strikes against CCP in Shanghai 1928: founds new republic in Nanjing 1927: CCP falls back into central China, tries to stand ground

Mao Zedong advocates for Chinese Communism Mao Zedong, Report to the CCP Central Committee (1926) During my recent visit to Hunan I made a firsthand investigation of conditions in five countries. In a very short time, in China’s Central, Southern, and Northern provinces, several hundred million peasants will rise like a mighty storm, like a hurricane, a force so swift and violent that no power, however great, will be able to hold it back. They will smash all the trammels [restraints] that bind them and rush forward along the road to liberation. They will sweep all the imperialists, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants, and evil gentry into their graves. Every revolutionary comrade will be put to the test, to be accepted or rejected as they decide… The main targets of attack by the peasants are the local tyrants, the evil gentry and the lawless landlords, but in passing they also hit out against patriarchal ideas and institutions, against the corrupt officials, in the cities and against bad practices and customs in the rural areas… Every revolutionary comrade should know that the national revolution requires a great change in the countryside. The Revolution of 1911 did not bring about this change, hence its failure. This change is now taking place, and it is an important factor for the completion of the revolution. Every revolutionary comrade must support it. Who does Mao consider to be the support-base of the revolution? Why? How does this contradict traditional Marxist theory?

Jiang Jieshi’s Quest Root out the Communist “disease of the heart”

Jiang Jieshi’s Plan for a New China Based on Sun Yat-Sen’s Three Principles Jiang Jieshi’s program for “political tutelage (1928) China… needs a republican government just as much as a boy needs school. As a schoolboy must have good teachers and helpful friends, so the Chinese people, being for the first time under republican rule, must have a farsighted revolutionary government for their training. This calls for the period of political tutelage, which is a necessary transitional stage from monarchy to republicanism. Without this, disorder will be unavoidable. What are the problems of China in 1928? What direction does Jiang Jieshi want to take the country in? What actions do you think Jiang Jieshi needs to take to ensure this new China is established?

Increase in modernization reforms Much gov’t support went to urban areas and the middle class -roads and railroads -established banking and education system Above: Chinese students learning to type Below: Shanghai in the 1930 s Above: Western medicine became more popular.

In 1937, Japan Invaded China. The Chinese Communist and Nationalist parties temporarily ceased hostilities to fight the Japanese. China’s political future would have to wait until after WW II.

Reluctant and distrustful allies, Jiang and Mao joined forces to fight the Japanese. After WW II, their civil war resumed…

Nationalists LOST (1949) WHY? ? ? • The KMT was corrupt, inefficient • The KMT wasted $$ and supplies from allies (US & Western Europe) • The KMT ignored peasants and workers • The CCP received support from USSR • Communists supported the peasants • The CCP’s army was better trained and more disciplined

Chinese Revolution 1949 • UNLIKE Russia: Nation instead of Class • Not so much internal class warfare as antiimperialist war of national liberation • Lot of emphasis on oppressed people • Revolution began in countryside • Model for revolution in Asia and Africa • Head of the Communist Party: MAO ZEDONG

Celebration for the New Communists

TAIWAN • Communists drove Chiang Kai-Shek out of mainland China to his last stronghold: TAIWAN

TAIWAN AND THE U. S. • Chiang Kai-Shek sets up his national government in Taiwan under constant threat from Communists • U. S. had bases in Taiwan and viewed the island as a necessity in the Cold War.

Taiwan vs. Mainland • The U. S. backed Taiwan as the real Chinese Government: “The Republic of China” • “The People’s Republic of China” refers to the Communist mainland

How did Mao change China?

Progress under Mao • Eliminated starvation, prostitution, female infanticide, female foot binding, profiteering • Kicked out corrupt foreigners • Agriculture increased 4%/year • Industrial production increased 11% • “small is beautiful” • Built dams, reclaimed land, etc.

COMMUNES

Politics Under Chinese Communism • One-party dictatorship. Relies on army and secret police to assert authority • After revolution, Communists executed several million Chinese who were considered counter-revolutionaries. • Imprisoned people to be “reeducated” or “brain-washed”

Ideological Reform • Drove out western schools, Christian missionaries • Propaganda to promote Communism • Wean people away from CONFUCIANISM • Communists instead stress that the primary loyalty is to the state, NOT to the five relationships.

China and the Soviets Signed alliance treaty after the 1949 Revolution BUT… Border Disputes Soviets wanted to annex territory from sphere of influence World Leadership USSR claimed leadership of Communist countries yet China claimed Soviets strayed from the path of true Communism. China claimed it was supporting revolutionaries in the Third World • Ideology • Mao denied that there should be “peaceful coexistence” with the west and wanted to support revolutionaries even if nuclear war • Cambodia, Vietnam, Afghanistan (1970 s and 1980 s) • • •

Repressed of the World Unite

Serve the People

Defend Socialism By Any Means

Post Mao: Deng • After Mao’s death in 1976: Deng Xiaoping • emphasis on Economic Development • some introduction of Free Market economy, western technology • No corresponding Political Freedoms

U. S. -Chinese Relations • Up to 1972: Serious Disputes in Korea, Vietnam, and over Taiwan • China’s split with the USSR softens relations with US • 1972: President Nixon visits China and begins to normalize relations and recognize China • 1979: Full Diplomatic Relations • Continued Disagreements over Human Rights • Disagreements over Free Trade, Copyright

Nixon in China (1972)