CHINA 12292021 CHINA LAND UNDER HEAVEN 12292021 12292021

CHINA 12/29/2021

CHINA LAND UNDER HEAVEN 12/29/2021

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l l By Western convention, all maps are drawn with the North direction at the top of the page. In contrast, the convention, used since time immemorial in China places the South direction at the top of the page as shown. 12/29/2021

Chinese Compass 12/29/2021

INTRODUCTION l l China was called Cathay, Ch’in Europeans named it China for its fine porcelain Chinese call their country Chung Kuo: Middle Kingdom China sits between heaven and earth 12/29/2021

CIVILIZATION l l CHINA IS 4 TH OF THE CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION HORSESHOE BEND OF YELLOW RIVER 12/29/2021

AGRICULTURE BEGAN 4000 BC l l l Crops included: Kaoliang, a type of winter wheat melons, and root crops Domestication of fowl, cattle, and silkworms Rice in southern climates 12/29/2021

CIVILIZATION BEGAN 5000 BC l l First cities in Yellow River Valley AN YANG , CHANG AN, and LOYANG 12/29/2021

Gobi Desert 12/29/2021

Gobi Desert 12/29/2021

CIVILIZATION l l l DRAGON Symbolizes China DRAGON BONES, ORACLE BONES INVENTIONS: COAL, KITE, WHEELBARROW, GUN POWDER, FIREWORKS, COMPASS, WATER CLOCK, WRITING, CALENDAR 12/29/2021

WHY THE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY? PLENTIFUL WATER l SOIL: LOESS (top soil deposited by wind-over 1 mile deep) l ADEQUATE GROWING SEASON l NATURAL BARRIERS: SAFETY g PROBLEMS: FLOODING, LACK OF TREES l 12/29/2021

GEOGRAPHY ' l l l FIVE THEMES LOCATION PLACE REGIONS HUMAN GEOGRAPHY MOVEMENT 12/29/2021

LOCATION l l l l Northern, and Eastern Hemispheres Continent of Asia 53* N - 20* N LAT 73* E. - 135* E. LONG. East coast on Pacific Neighbors: Russia, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, (Myanmar) India, Nepal, Bhutan, Kazazh, Tadzik, Kirghiz 12/29/2021

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' l l l l ISOLATED PLACE Great Distances Physical Barriers: Ocean Mountains Deserts Plateaus Rainforests 12/29/2021

PLACE russia l china india 12/29/2021

ISOLATION Location resulted in China’s culture being UNIQUE l very little diffusion with other civilizations l 12/29/2021

MOVEMENT l l l Trading caravans on Sailing junks brought foreign goods Missionaries came from: India with Buddhism Europe with Christianity Invaders diffused ideas and technologies 12/29/2021

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REGION l l CHINA has 3 main regions, and 4 sub regions. The North and the South are considered the Heartland 12/29/2021

Regions NORTH SOUTH 12/29/2021

REGION l l l CHINA has 3 main regions, and 4 sub regions. The North and the South are considered the Heartland The Northeast sub region, Manchuria, is considered part of the North. 12/29/2021

Regions MANCHURIA 12/29/2021

REGION l The three outlying sub regions makeup the West : Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Xizang 12/29/2021

Regions West 12/29/2021

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Regions Mongolia 12/29/2021

Regions Xinjiang 12/29/2021

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Xinjiang Tian Shan Mountains Pamir Mountains l l Karakoram Mountains Kunlun Mountains 12/29/2021

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 12/29/2021

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l The Turpan Basin in eastern Xingjiang is a closed basin draining water from the north and west mountains. To the north, the Tianshan Mountains rise 6516 metres above sea level, and the center of the basin, Lake Aidinghu is the lowest lake in the world, at 156 metres below sea level. Jurassic and Cretaceous layers in the basin have yielded bones and eggs of dinosaurs. 12/29/2021

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Regions Xizang 12/29/2021

l 12/29/2021 Xizang

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ANCIENT CHINA l l Consisted initially of North China As the nation grew, additional regions were added. 12/29/2021

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China’s Long History l l l Is divided into 2 main time periods. Traditional Modern 12/29/2021

l Traditional Modern 1949 present 5000 B. C. - 1949 C. E. 1 C. E. 12/29/2021 2004

The dividing line l l l Between Traditional times and Modern times in 1949 Communist takeover of China 12/29/2021

Traditional Times are divided into Dynasties are ruling families l China had 19 dynasties in its long history l 12 of those were major dynasties l 12/29/2021

Xia, or Hsia l This was a dynasty which was prehistoric. l It left no written records. l It is only known by the myths and legends which have come down over time by word of mouth. 12/29/2021

The Shang or Yin dynasty which ruled, according to traditional dates, from c. 1766 B. C. to c. 1122 B. C. or, according to some modern scholars, from c. 1523 B. C. to c. 1027 B. C l c. means “circa” or about. l It is used when exact dates are not known. l 12/29/2021

Shang Dynasty l It is the first historic dynasty of China. l Its legendary founder, T'ang, is said to have defeated the last Hsia ruler, Chieh. 12/29/2021

History His successors ruled over a citystate in modern Henan province and may have controlled other smaller states on the North China Plain. l They warred against the Huns and against the Chou, (Zhou) who finally defeated the last Shang king, Shou. l 12/29/2021

Social Organization l Archaeological remains at one of the capitals, near modern Anyang, suggest (along with later records) that the Shang had a complex agricultural civilization of peasants and city-dwelling artisans, with a priestly class, nobles, and a king, who was also high priest. 12/29/2021

Organized Religion l Shang religion was characterized by ancestor worship, sacrifices to nature deities, and divination. Stylized inscriptions on bone and bronze artifacts probably reveal the earliest examples of Chinese writing. 12/29/2021

The Arts l Bronze casting under the Shang reached a height of artistic achievement rarely equaled anywhere in the world. 12/29/2021

The Great Wall of China l l l The Great Wall was constructed over a long period of time It covers 2000 miles Its width varies from 8’ to 15’ at the apex Its height varies from 5’ to over 30’ Built of materials at hand, the Walls construction varies from place to place Today, it stands in many stages of disrepair 12/29/2021

Great Wall 12/29/2021

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Political and Social Organization Ancient China had a highly organized political bureaucracy l The patriarchal Chinese family system developed early in its history. l The extended family was the ideal which few could achieve l 12/29/2021

Historical Setting l The History Of China, as documented in ancient writings, dates back some 3, 300 years. Modern archaeological studies provide evidence of still more ancient origins in a culture that flourished between 2500 and 2000 B. C. in what is now central China and the lower Huang He ( or Yellow River) Valley of north China. 12/29/2021

l Centuries of migration, amalgamation, and development brought about a distinctive system of writing, philosophy, art, and political organization that came to be recognizable as Chinese civilization. What makes the civilization unique in world history is its continuity through over 4, 000 years to the present century. 12/29/2021

l l On January 22, 2004, the Chinese will celebrate their New Year… 4702, The YEAR of the MONKEY 12/29/2021

l l The Chinese have developed a strong sense of their real and mythological beginnings. Their massive records, since very early times, have shown us their past. It is from these records that knowledge concerning the ancient past, not only of China but also of its neighbors, has survived. 12/29/2021

Chinese written records Chinese history, until 20 th century, written mostly by members of the ruling scholarofficial class l meant to provide ruler with precedents to guide or justify policies. l 12/29/2021

l These accounts focused on dynastic politics and colorful court histories and included few details on the peasant populations. 12/29/2021

l The historians described a Chinese political pattern of dynasties, one following another in a cycle of ascent, achievement, decay, and rebirth under a new family. 12/29/2021

l l l Like a dragon, the Chinese believed that these dynasties were: born were positive, active and just gradually became old and corrupt, and then died. 12/29/2021

l Of the consistent characteristics identified by Chinese historians, a common theme has been the capacity of the Chinese to absorb the people of surrounding areas into their own civilization. 12/29/2021

Their success can be attributed to: l the superiority of their l ideographic written language l their technology l their political institutions the refinement of their artistic and intellectual creativity l and the sheer weight of their l numbers 12/29/2021

l The process of assimilation continued over the centuries through conquest and colonization until what is now known as China Proper was brought under unified rule. 12/29/2021

l The Chinese also left an enduring mark on people beyond their borders, especially the. Mongolians, Koreans, Japanese, and Vietnamese. 12/29/2021

l Another common historical theme has been the unceasing struggle of the sedentary Chinese against the threat posed to their safety and way of life by non-Chinese peoples on the margins of their territory in the north, northeast, . . . 12/29/2021

l …peoples the Chinse considered their lessers, and referred to as barbarians. . . 12/29/2021

and peoples in the northwest. l In the thirteenth century, the Mongols from the northern steppes became the first alien people to conquer all China. l 12/29/2021

Although not as culturally developed as the Chinese, they left some imprint on Chinese civilization while heightening Chinese perceptions of threat from the north. l China came under alien rule for the second time in the midseventeenth century; the conquerors--the Manchus--came again from the north and northeast. l 12/29/2021

For centuries virtually all the foreigners that Chinese rulers saw came from the less developed societies along their land borders. l This circumstance conditioned the Chinese view of the outside world. l 12/29/2021

l This China-centered ("sinocentric") view of the world was still undisturbed in the nineteenth century, at the time of the first serious confrontation with the West. 12/29/2021

China had taken it for granted that its relations with Europeans would be conducted in a diplomatic manner. l European imperialism was not expected to prevail. l 12/29/2021

l The Chinese saw their domain as the self-sufficient center of the universe and derived from this image the traditional (and still used) Chinese name for their country--Zhongguo, (Chung Kuo) literally, The Middle Kingdom 12/29/2021

l China saw itself surrounded on all sides by so-called barbarian peoples whose cultures were extremely inferior by Chinese standards. 12/29/2021

A tax system had evolved over the centuries between the emperor and representatives of the lesser states on China's borders. l This system prevailed between the emperor and some earlier European visitors. l 12/29/2021

l But by the mid-nineteenth century, humiliated militarily by superior Western weaponry and technology and faced with imminent territorial dismemberment, China began to reassess its position with respect to Western civilization. 12/29/2021

l By 1911 the two thousand year old dynastic system of imperial government was brought down by its inability to make this adjustment successfully. 12/29/2021

Because of its length and complexity, the history of the Middle Kingdom varies. l After the communist takeover in 1949, historians in mainland China wrote their own version of the past-l 12/29/2021

l --a history of China built on a Communist model of progression from primitive communism to slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and finally socialism. The events of history came to be presented as a function of the class struggle. 12/29/2021

l Historiography became subordinated to proletarian politics fashioned and directed by the Chinese Communist Party. A series of thought-reform and antirightist campaigns were directed against intellectuals in the arts, sciences, and academic community. 12/29/2021

l The Cultural Revolution (1966 -76) further altered the objectivity of historians. In the years after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, however, interest grew within the party, and outside it as well, in restoring the integrity of historical inquiry. 12/29/2021

l This trend was consistent with the party's commitment to "seeking truth from facts. " As a result, historians and social scientists raised probing questions concerning the state of historiography in China. 12/29/2021

l Their investigations included not only historical study of traditional China but penetrating inquiries into modern Chinese history and the history of the Chinese Communist Party. 12/29/2021

l In post-Mao China, the discipline of historiography has not been separated from politics, although a much greater range of historical topics have been discussed. Figures from Confucius--who was bitterly excoriated for his "feudal" outlook by Cultural Revolution-era historians--to Mao himself have been evaluated with increasing flexibility. 12/29/2021

l Among the criticisms made by Chinese social scientists is that Maoist-era historiography distorted Marxist and Leninist interpretations. This meant that considerable revision of historical texts was in order in the 1980 s, although no substantive change away from the conventional Marxist approach was likely. 12/29/2021

Colleges, universities, and museums were restored within the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences l A growing corps of trained historians, returned to their work with the approval of the Chinese Communist Party leadership. l This was a significant development. l 12/29/2021

The End 12/29/2021

Human Environment Interaction 12/29/2021