Children vs Adults in secondlanguage learning 3308 Chapter

Children vs. Adults in second-language learning 3308심리언어학 Chapter 6

1. Children are better: a common belief 2. Basic psychological factors affecting second-language learning -Intellectual processing -Memory -Motor skills -Two other important psychological variables 3. Social situations affecting second-language learning

-The natural situation -The classroom situation -Who is better? Children or adults? - ESL or EFL community context 4. Is there a critical age for secondlanguage learning?

What are the differences between children and adults? - Age (critical period of learning) Motivation Attitude Environment (ESL vs. EFL)

Theories on the second language acquisition - During childhood, language learning is very easy. Our brains are ready for language learning. As we are getting older, people loose childhood ability (Lenneberg, 1964). - The attainment of second language is constrained by the age at which learning begins (Birdsong & Molis, 2 001, p. 235). - “Acquisition of a normal language is guaranteed for children up to the age of six, is steadily compromised from then shortly after puberty, and is rare thereafter” (Pinker, 1994, p. 298).

Psychological factors: Intellectual processing 1. Explication - The process whereby the rules and structures of a second language are explained. - It is impossible for it to be learned entirely by explication (e. g. , tense, article). - Explication is rarely applicable to young children (e. g. , dogs/z/-voiced consonant, ducks/s/-unvoiced consonant). - Simple rules can be learned by explication.

Psychological factors: Intellectual processing 2. Induction - Self-discovery of the rules - For young learners: (John danced then John sang-> John danced and then he sang) It is able to use and understand the complicated structures. -For the second-language learners: beyond the learner’s level of syntactic understanding?

Psychological factors: Memory 1. Syntax learning and episodic memory - Memory is crucial for the learning of grammatical structures and rules. - Episodic memory: the learner must remember the situations in which the sentences are uttered in order to derive the meaning. 2. Children’s memory ability - 7 to 12 years old: cognitive ability - Under 7 years old: rote memorization

Psychological factors: Motor skills 1. Articulators of speech - Motor skills: the use of muscles in performing certain skills(e. g. , walking, writing, speech). 2. Decline in general motor skills - Around at the age of 12 years: due to some change in central functioning in the brain. 3. Decline in ability for new articulations - Children have the flexibility in motor skills that adults generally have lost.

Three important psychological factors 1. Induction and Explication 2. Memory 3. Motor skills

Psychological factors: Motivation 1. Motivation (according to the situation) - At the age of 1 -2: no motivation. - At the age of 4 -5: need motivation - The planned learning situation(classroom) : need motivation the amount of attention+ effort 2. Other variables involved in second language learning: personality, social situation, intergroup attitude, self-confidence, desire etc.

Psychological factors: Attitude 1. Attitude: negative vs. positive determination, persistence. 2. Other variables involved in second language learning: status, cultural background.

Social situations 1. Natural situation: it is similar to that in which the first language is learned. 2. Classroom situation: it involves the social situation of the school classroom. 3. Community context: it allows students to have access to a natural situation and thereby supplement their classroom learning.

Social situations: the natural situation 1. Characteristics of the natural situation 2. With age, language is more essential for social interaction 3. Older children can have problems

Social situations: the classroom situation 1. The classroom is isolated from other social life 2. Learning languages as part of a group and not as an individual

Social situations: who is better? children or adults? - In a natural situation Memory Motor skills Induction Natural situation Children high Adults medium low high low

Social situations: who is better? children or adults? - In the classroom situation Cognitive experience Memory Motor skills Older child low high Adults high medium low

Environment for the second language learning 1. ESL: English as a second language 2. EFL: English as a foreign language