CHILDHOOD OBESITY BY Cheryl Hamilton Tiffany Neuman Leslie
CHILDHOOD OBESITY BY: Cheryl Hamilton, Tiffany Neuman Leslie Crittendon, Audra Brooks
Childhood Obesity � Childhood obesity has become an pandemic in the United States � “Childhood overweight rates in the United States have nearly doubled among 2 -to 5 year-olds and more than tripled among 6 -to 19 -year-olds in the past three decades”
Statistics v 9 million children in the U. S. are overweight v 10. 4% of children aged 2 -5 years are obese v 19. 6% of children aged 6 -11 years are obese v 18. 1% of children aged 12 -19 years are obese
Statistics Con’t v Nearly a 300% increase since 1979 = epidemic levels v Total cost of obesity in U. S. $117 billion per year v Pediatric obesity several hundred million per year and rising
Determining Obesity in Children Ø Body Mass Index Ø Growth Chart
% of Overweight Children World Wide
Childhood Obesity in America
Obesity in Michigan National Survey of Children’s Health, 2007
EARLY & MIDDLE CHILDHOOD Early: birth – 8 years old -is a time of incredible physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development Middle: ages 6 -12 years old -time when children develop skills for healthy social relationships & learn roles to help them for a lifetime
EARLY DEVELOPMENT � first years of life is important for a child’s development and lifelong learning � first year is also essential for future cognitive, social, emotional, & physical development can influence later success in life � Early childhood the brain grows 90% of its size by age 3 � children start to develop emotional regulation and attachment, language development, & motor skills
CHILDHOOD MILESTONES � Can be delayed due to environmental stressors & or negative risk factors � Stressors can affect: ◦ child’s brain, physical, social, emotional, & cognitive growth � Early & middle childhood sets the step for -health literacy -Self-discipline -The ability to make good decisions about risky situations -Eating habits -Conflict negotiation
Culture Roles � Morals � Beliefs � Values � Traditions � Customs � Perceive Body Image
Race and Ethnicity � Mexican Americans � African Americans � Native Americans � Exceeds any other ethnic group in childhood obesity
Weight Bias � Obesity can lead to many biases towards the overweight children ◦ It can result in teasing �Approximately 1 in 3 overweight females and 1 in 4 overweight males report being teased by peers at school ◦ Three hypotheses may explain the increase in weight discrimination: �rates of obesity have escalated during the same period. � perceived weight discrimination may reflect experiences that have resulted from worsening societal attitudes and the acceptance of weight bias. �the media contribute and encourage weight bias and discrimination
Weight Bias cont. � Obese children can be stereotyped and blamed for their own weight gain � Peers see obese children as lazy, untidy, ugly, stupid, and non-hygienic � The constant teasing and ridicule can cause low self-esteem and depression
Genetic Risk Factors v Parental Obesity v Ethnicity v Obesity-Promoting genes
Behavioral Risk Factors v Lack of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle v Increased “screen time” v Unhealthy eating habits • television watching • video/computer game playing v Increased v Large snacking portion sizes
Environmental/Socioeconomic Risk Factors v Low parental education v Poverty v Urban communities lack of accessibility and affordability of healthy foods v Urban/disadvantaged outdoor play areas without safe
Environmental/Socioeconomic Risk Factors v Lack of facilities like safe side walks, bike paths, and safe parks v Lack of physical exercise in schools v Unhealthy foods and drinks in schools
CHILD & ADOLESCENT OBESITY by INCOME 2009 -10 Family Income (Percent Federal Poverty Limit) <100 Rate of childhood obesity 21. 6% 100 -199 17. 4% 200 -399 15. 7% 400 -499 14. 2% 500+ 11. 5%
CONDITIONS AT RISK FOR � This ◦ ◦ ◦ is the age where they start to develop Asthma Obesity Dental caries Child maltreatment Developmental & behavior disorders *these conditions tend to affects a child’s education, health & well being of the adolescents & adults they will become
Immediate Health Risks v High blood pressure & high cholesterol v Increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes v Respiratory problems; i. e. sleep apnea, asthma
Immediate Health Risks Con’t v Joint problems & musculoskeletal discomfort v Fatty liver disease, gallstones, gastroesophageal reflux v Greater risk for social & psychological problems
Future Health Risks v Heart disease v Hypertension v Stroke v Diabetes v Arthritis
Future Health Risks Con’t v Cancer • leukemia, breast, colon cancer v Infertility v Premature death
Media Influences v Television shows and advertisements v promote poor eating habits v Promote junk food to children
Parental Influences v Parents fail to see their child as overweight v Parents that don’t believe excess weight is a health risk v Parents establish family eating habits; both good and bad v Inactive, sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children
Parental Influences v Working/busy v Don’t v Set parents teach children healthy habits bad examples for children v Inactive, sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children
How do we prevent it? � It’s important to start interventions at an early age ◦ ◦ ◦ Encourage the child to be more active Have healthy snacks available Limit sweetened beverages Limit television and computer time Do activities as a family Be a role model for your kid
NUTRITION � Important for growth & development of child � Those with healthy weight: ◦ ↓chronic risk factors, such as high BP & dyslipidemia ◦ ↓likelihood of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and some cancers ◦ ↓ likelihood of dying at a young age
DIET � Influences: ◦ Schools ◦ Restaurants ◦ Home Making healthy choices: -knowledge & skills -healthier options are available
SOCIAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DIET � Knowledge � Skills � Social and attitudes support � Societal and cultural norms � Food and agricultural policies � Food assistance programs � Economic price systems
PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF DIET � Access & availability � places where people eat appear to influence their diet � foods eaten away from home have more calories &lower nutritional quality than foods prepared at home � marketing also influences children’s food choices
MAINTAIN HEALTHY WEIGHT � Influenced by calories (energy) consumed & expanded � ↑physical activity & changes in diet � ↓exposure to foods low in nutritional value and high in calories
Health Promotion Theory � Theory of Planned Behavior ◦ Takes into account that the control of behavior is not always voluntary ◦ Children are not always in control of their behavior �Parents choose the food that’s available to their children �Parents can make the child more active and limit their T. V. time �Schools limit the amount of healthy meal choices
� � � References American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2008). Influence of race, ethnicity, and culture, on childhood obesity: Implications for prevention and treatment. Retrieved from http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC 2571048/ Childtrendsdatabank, (2013). Participation in school athletics. Retrieved from www. childtrendsdatabank. org/? q=node/367 Centers from Disease Control (CDC) (2011). About BMI for children and teens. Retrieved from http: //www. cdc. gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi. html Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2013). Basics about childhood obesity. Retrieved from http: //www. cdc. gov/obesity/childhood/basics. html Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2013). Childhood obesity facts. Retrieved from http: //www. cdc. gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts. htm Ek, L. Livestrong, (2010). Nutrition pyramid for kids. Retrieved from: www. livestrong. com/article/82871 -nutrition-pyramid-kids/ Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). (2013). The obesity prevention source. Retrieved from http: //www. hsph. harvard. edu/obesity-prevention-source/ Hawkins, K. W. , & Linvill, D. L. (2010). Public health framing of news regarding childhood obesity in the United States. Health Communication, 25(8), 709 -717. doi: http: //0 dx. doi. org. libcat. ferris. edu/10. 1080/10410236. 2010. 521913 Healthypeople. gov. (2012). Retrieved from http: //www. healthypeople. gov/2020/topicsobjectives 2020/overview. aspx? topicid=10 Karnik, S. & Kanekar, A. (2011). Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3(1), 1 -7. Retrieved from http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC 3278864/? report=printable Kellow, J. Weightlossresources, (n. d. ). Good nutrition for children. Retrieved from www. weightlossresources. co. uk/children/nutrition_calorie_needs. htm Lynn, D. Livestrong, (2011). Recommended daily fat intake for children. Retrieved from www. livestrong. com/article/399719 -recommended-daily-fat-intake-for-children/
References Con’t � � � � � Maville, J. , Huerta, C. (2013). Health Promotion in Nursing, 3 rd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Cernage Learning National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) (2013). Childhood overweight and obesity trends. Retrieved from http: //www. ncsl. org/issues-research/health/childhood-obesity-trends-state-rates. aspx Phillips, F. (2012). Facing up to childhood obesity. Practice Nurse, 42(11), 14 -17. Retrieved from http: //0 search. ebscohost. com. libcat. ferris. edu/login. aspx? direct=true&db=cin 20&AN=2011629391&site=ehost-live Rampell, C. (2010, September 23). Economix. Retrieved from http: //economix. blogs. nytimes. com/2010/09/23/the-world-is-fat/ Robinson, S. , Yardy, K. , & Carter, V. (2012). A narrative literature review of the development of obesity in infancy and childhood. Journal of Child Health Care, 16(4), 339 -354. doi: http: //0 dx. doi. org. libcat. ferris. edu/10. 1177/13674935124908 State of Michigan (n. d. ). The state of the state: Childhood obesity in Michigan. Retrieved from http: //www. michigan. gov/documents/mdch/ State of Michigan (n. d. ). What’s being done: Nutrition standards in school. Retrieved from http: //www. michigan. gov/documents/mdch/8 -_The_State_of_the_State_368749_7. pdf Washington, R. (2011). Childhood obesity: Issues of weight bias. Center of Disease Control, 8(5), A 94. Retrieved from http: //www. cdc. gov/pcd/issues/2011/sep/10_0281. htm World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Retrieved from http: //www. who. int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/
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