ChildCare Arrangements for Infants with Working Mothers 14

Child-Care Arrangements for Infants with Working Mothers 14. 1 7. 8 16. 4 32. 7 Other home 18. 1 38. 4 Child-Care facility 31. 2 41. 3 Under 1 year Own home 1 - 2 years Other

Summary of Temperament Research Infants were rated on 9 personality dimensions: • Activity level • Rhythmicity • Approach/withdrawal • Adaptability • Emotional reactivity • Responsiveness to stimuli • Mood (positive or negative) • Distractibility • Attention span Then classified into three categories of temperament: • Easy (40%) • Difficult (10%) • Slow to Warm Up (15%) 35% were unclassifiable

Comparison of Infant Temperament in Four Cultural Groups Cultural Group Dimension Activity level Rhythmicity Approach-withdrawal Adaptability Emotional reactivity Responsiveness to stimulation Quality of mood Distractibility Attention span American H H L L H H H Autralian H H L L H H H Greek L L H H L L L Note: H = high level of the temperamental quality; L = low level of the temperamental quality. Source: Prior et al. (1987) Chinese L L H H L L H

BOWLBY'S PHASES OF ATTACHMENT FORMATION PHASE I: INDISCRIMINANTE SOCIABILITY Infant shows no preference among care-givers Birth - 2 months PHASE II: ATTACHMENTS IN THE MAKING Infant shows increasing preference for most familiar and responsive individuals 2 - 7 months PHASE III: SPECIFIC, CLEAR-CUT ATTACHMENTS Infant displays separation anxiety and stranger anxiety 7 - 24 months PHASE IV : GOAL-COORDINATED PARTNERSHIPS Infant can increasingly tolerate short parental absences 24 months (Bowlby, 1969)

ATTACHMENT CLASSIFICATIONS • Secure attachment • Avoidant attachment • Ambivalent attachment • Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Theories of Attachment Psychoanalytic: “I love you because you feed me. ” (Freudian) Learning Theory: “I love you because you’re reinforcing. ” (Skinner) Cognitive: “I love you because I know you. ” (Piaget) Ethological: “I love you because I was born to love. ” (Bowlby) Contact Comfort: “I love you because you are cuddly. ” (Harlow)

Forming Attachments: The "Cloth Mother" and "Wire Mother" Experiment cloth fed wire fed HOURS SPENT WITH MOTHER 18 15 cloth mother 12 9 6 wire mother 3 0 5 25 45 65 85 MEAN AGE (DAYS) 105 125 145 165

The Episode of the Strange Situation Number of Episode Persons Present Duration Brief Description of Action 1 Mother, baby, and observer 30 seconds Observer introduces mother and baby to experimental room, then leaves. 2 Mother and baby 3 minutes Mother is non-participant while baby explores; if necessary, play is stimulated after 2 minutes. 3 Stranger, mother, and baby 3 minutes Stranger enters. Minute 1: stranger silent. Minute 2: stranger converses with mother. Minute 3: stranger approaches baby. After 3 minutes mother leaves unobtrusively. 4 Stranger and baby 3 minutes or lessa First separation episode. Stranger's behavior is geared to that of baby. 5 Mother and baby 3 minutes or moreb First reunion episode. Mother greets and comforts baby then tries to settle him again in play. Mother then leaves, saying bye-bye. 6 Baby alone 3 minutes or lessa Second separation episode. 7 Stranger and baby 3 minutes or lessa Continuation of second separation. Stranger enters and gears her behavior to that of baby. 8 Mother and baby 3 minutes Second reunion episode. Mother enters, greets baby, then picks him up. Meanwhile stranger leaves unobtrusively. a. Episode is curtailed if the baby is unduly distressed. is prolonged if more time is required for the baby to become involved in play. Source: Campos et al. , 1983. b. Episode

Patterns of Adult and Infant Attachment Adult or Infant Attachment Pattern Description of Pattern Infant Secure Displays positive affect sharing when nondistressed Adult Autonomous (secure) Describes childhood, both positive and negative aspects; relationships are valued and important. Infant Avoidant (insecure) Avoid caregiver; suppresses attachment behaviors and focuses on external environment Adult Dismissing (Insecure) Fails to recall details of childhood relationships; relationships are not valued or important Infant Resistant (insecure) Behaves ambivalently about contact, both signaling for it and rejecting it Adult Preoccupied (insecure) Describes childhood relationship experiences incoherently and exhibits angry preoccupation Infant Disorganized-disoriented Exhibits one or more strange or bizarre conflict behaviors, directed toward caregiver. Adult Unresolved Lacks resolution of mourning after a significant loss or severely traumatic experience. Source: Adapted from van Ijzendoorn & Bakermans-Karenburg (1997).

Summary of Psychosocial Development in the First Two Years • Attachment to the caretaker is formed. • Infants are in Freud’s “oral” psychosexual stage. • Infants go through Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust crisis. • From total dependency, growing personal autonomy emerges in the second year.