Child Development Ninth Edition Laura E Berk Chapter
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Applied Directions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk The Field of Child Development § Understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence § Applied importance § Interdisciplinary § Dynamic © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Periods of Development Prenatal Conception to Birth Infancy and Toddlerhood Birth to 2 years Early Childhood 2 to 6 years Middle Childhood 6 to 11 years Adolescence 11 to 18 years Emerging Adulthood 18 to 25 years © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Theory § An orderly, integrated, evidence-based set of statements that: § Describes § Explains § Predicts behavior © Elena Elisseeva | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Issues in Development Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk ü Continuous or discontinuous? ü One course of development or many? ü Nature or nurture? © Barbara Reddoch | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Continuous or Discontinuous Development? Figure 1. 2 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Nature and Nurture Nature Nurture § Inborn, biological givens § Based on genetic inheritance § Physical and social world § Influence biological and psychological development © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Stability vs. Plasticity § Stability: usually associated with heredity § Lifelong characteristics § Early experiences establish patterns § Plasticity: responsive to experience § Balanced view embraces continuous and discontinuous change © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Resilient Children § Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development § What factors offer protection? § Personal characteristics, including temperament § Warm parental relationship § Social support outside immediate family § Community resources and opportunities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Historical Views of Childhood (to age 7 or 8) regarded as Medieval Era separate phase with special needs 16 th Century Puritan “child depravity” views John Locke’s “tabula rasa” or “blank 17 th Century slate” view Jean Jacques Rousseau’s “noble 18 th Century savages” view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Early Scientific Study of Development Normative Approach • Age-related averages • Based on measurements of large numbers of people Mental Testing Movement Simon & Binet: Early developers of intelligence tests James Mark • Developmental theorist • Nature & nurture of equal importance Baldwin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Psychoanalytic Perspective § Childhood stages involve conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. § Freud’s psychosexual theory § Erikson’s psychosocial theory © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Basic trust vs. Birth– 1 year mistrust Identity vs. identity confusion Adolescence Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 1– 3 years Intimacy vs. isolation Emerging Adulthood Initiative vs. guilt 3– 6 years Generativity vs. stagnation Middle Adulthood Industry vs. inferiority 6– 11 years Integrity vs. despair Old Age © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Comparing Freud to Erikson Freud Psychosexual Stages ü ü ü Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital Erikson Psychosocial Stages ü ü ü ü Basic trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame/doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Behaviorism and Social Learning § Classical Conditioning § Stimulus–Response § Operant Conditioning § Reinforcers and punishments § Social Learning § Modeling © Shawn and Sue Roberts | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Birth– 2 years Preoperational 2– 7 years Concrete Operational 7– 11 years Formal Operational 11 years and older © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Recent Theoretical Perspectives § Information Processing § The human mind might also be viewed as a symbolmanipulating system through which information flows. § Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience § Brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study relationship between brain and developing child’s cognitive processing, behavior patterns § Ethology § Concerned with adaptive value of behavior © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Ethology – Sensitive Period © Lihui | Dreamstime. com § An optimal time for certain capacities to emerge § Individual is especially responsive to environment § Development is hard to induce later § Boundaries less defined than a critical period © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Evolutionary Developmental Psychology § Seeks to understand the adaptive value of human competencies § Studies cognitive, emotional, and social competencies and how they change with age § Role of learning § What behaviors are no longer adaptive? § Complete organism–environment system © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory § Transmission of culture to a new generation § Beliefs, customs, skills § Requires social interaction to learn § Cooperative dialogues © Dawn Balaban | Dreamstime. com § Socially mediated process © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Ecological Systems Theory § Child develops within complex system of relationships § § Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem § Environment is ever changing § Chronosystem © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ecological Systems Theory Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Structure of the Environment Figure 1. 4 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk How Does the U. S. Compare to Other Nations on Indicators of Children’s Health and Well-Being? Indicator U. S. Rank § § § 24 th 28 th 12 th Childhood poverty 1 Infant deaths in first year 2 Teen pregnancy rate 3 Public expenditure/education 4 Public expenditure/early childhood education & child care 5 § Public expenditure/health 6 1 among 24 industrialized nations considered 2 worldwide 3 among 28 industrialized nations considered 4 among 22 industrialized nations considered 5 among 14 industrialized nations considered 6 among 27 industrialized nations considered 9 th 26 th Sources: Canada Campaign 2000, 2009; OECD, 2010 a, 2010 b; U. S. Census Bureau, 2011; U. S. Department of Education, 2011. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Children’s Overall Well-Being in 24 Economically Advanced Nations Figure 1. 6 Adapted from UNICEF, 2010, The Children Left Behind: A League Table of Inequality in the World’s Richest Countries, Innocenti Report Card 9, p. 2, Florence, Italy: Innocenti Research Centre. Reprinted by permission. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Individualist and Collectivist Societies Individualist Collectivist § People think of themselves as separate from others. § Concerned with personal goals § People define themselves as part of a group. § Concerned with group goals over individual goals © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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