Child Development Chapter 8 Influences on Prenatal Development

Child Development Chapter 8

Influences on Prenatal Development Teratogens: Factors in the environment that can harm the developing fetus. l Alcohol l l Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Smoking Low birth weight l Increased risk of miscarriage and still birth l Delayed cognitive development l

Physical Development Infants triple in weight & increase body length by 1/3 in the 1 st year. Some Early Gross Motor Milestones. l l Averages. Effected by Cultural Influences. Milestone Rolls Over Sits without support Stands holding onto furniture Creeps on hands and knees Stands without support Walks alone Walks up stairs alone Months 2 to 4 5 to 7 8 to 9 9 to 10 10 to 13 11 to 14 21 to 25

Perceptual Development “Looking” Studies l Recognizing parents, colors, old stimuli Depth perception in infants Visual Cliff l Is it soon enough? ! l

Stage theories All humans move through a ordered series of stages. Each stage is associated with developmental goals.

Constructivism…. Assimilation Incorporated Updated Schema New Knowledge Accommodation Change New Knowledge Updated Schema

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1: Sensorimotor (0 -2) l Object Permanence l Mental representation l Self recognition

Piaget’s Theory Stage 2: Preoperational (2 -7) l Symbolic Play l Egocentric thought …. my dog

Piaget’s Theory Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7 -11) l Principal of Conservation Stage 4: Formal Operational l Abstract thought and logical reasoning

Developmental Research Methods Cross-Sectional Study l Cohort Effects Longitudinal Study Biographical Study

Social Development Key Issues Early On Social Referencing Attachment - Temperament ² ² ² interaction between caregiver and infant. Comfort contact (Harlow) culturally influenced Making friends ² ² buffers - support learn to function in society Adolescence Conformity Need to Belong (Maslow’s Hierarchy p. 376) Identity Crisis (Erikson)

Attachment Strange Situation l Secure attachment (60 -65%) l Insecure attachment l l l avoidant (20%) ambivalent (10%) Ambivalent (mixed) Openness to Environment and the Caregiver

Day-Care and Attachment High Quality care better socialization skills buffer difficult home environment more social than cognitive benefits Low Quality Care negative social adjustment (boys) poor emotional development.

Qualities of Good Day Care Low volume of children. Good ratio of children to caretaker. Stability - low caretaker turn-over. Caretakers with sufficient training & experience. More attention to each child. Sensitivity to children’s needs. increased verbal stimulation.

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion P. 336

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Self-Absorbtion Integrity vs. Despair

Hierarchy of Needs Maslow, 1970 Self. Actualization Esteem Needs Need to Belong Safety Needs Physiological Needs p. 376

Contextual Theories of Development Bronfenbrenner - Ecological Systems Theory focus on social and cultural climate. relationships between individual and the environment. l l Direct and indirect. Systems approach.

Parenting Style

How We Get Old…. Stochastic Theory l l wear & tear free radicals Pre-Programmed l l teleomeres immune/endocrine systems

Theories of Cognitive Aging Successful Aging SOC Model (Baltes) Generalized vs. Specific Common Cause Hypothesis

Facing the End of Life KÜbler-Ross stages of dying Denial l Anger l Bargaining l Depression l Acceptance l