Chemistry of Life Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic
Chemistry of Life �Macromolecules �Carbohydrates �Lipids �Proteins �Nucleic Acids 1 Outline
Review � Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. These six elements constitute about 96% of your body weight. � Compounds are formed when two or more elements combine � Example: H 2 O, Na. Cl
�All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- organic and inorganic compounds.
� Organic compounds are made primarily of carbon. � Carbon has four outer electrons and can form four bonds. � Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds.
Organic Macromolecules � Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called macromolecules because of their large size. �Usually consist of many repeating units ○ Monomer - Small molecular unit that is the building block of a large molecule ○ Polymer - Long chains of monomers ○ E. g. amino acids (monomer) are linked to form a protein (polymer) � Some examples: 5
Common Foods Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The Mc. Graw Hill Companies, Inc. /John Thoeming, photographer 6
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Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides � Single � Quite sugar molecules soluble and sweet to taste � Examples �Glucose (photosynthesis!), Fructose (fruit) and Galactose (dairy) Six carbon atoms 8 Chemical Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6
How can all monosaccharides have the same chemical formula?
Carbohydrates: Disaccharides � Contain two monosaccharides joined together � Soluble and sweet to taste � Examples �Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose and is found in milk �Sucrose (table sugar) is composed of glucose and fructose �Maltose is composed of two glucose molecules 10
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides POLYSACCHARIDE: long polymer chains made of more than two monosaccharides 1. Starch found in plant and used for short-term energy storage 2. Glycogen is used by animals to store energy in the liver and muscle cells 12
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides 3. Cellulose: makes up plant cell walls ○ Main component of wood and many natural fibers ○ Indigestible by most animals (Also known as fiber!) 4. Chitin: makes up the shells of arthropods (crabs for example) and the cell walls of fungi. ○ Very resistant to wear and digestion 13
Uses of Carbohydrates 1. Energy storage Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen 2. Cell or body structures Cellulose = Plant Cell Walls Chitin = Arthropod Shells
Starch Structure and Function Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. starch granule a. Starch © Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. 15 250 mm
Glycogen Structure and Function Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. glycogen granule b. Glycogen © Don W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc. 16 150 nm
Cellulose Structure and Function Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. cellulose fiber microfibrils Plant cell wall cellulose fibers 5, 000 m glucose molecules © Science Source/J. D. Litvay/Visuals Unlimited 17
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