CHEMICAL MESSENGERS NEUROTRANSMITTERS VOCABS Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS NEUROTRANSMITTERS

VOCABS Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that are released by nerve impulse and by diffusing across the synapse it causes transfer of impulse to post synaptic neuron or inhibit an impulse Synaptic vesicles: secretory vesicles that contains neurotransmitter Synaptic cleft: space or junction between neurons which neurotransmitter diffuses across to transmit nerve impulse Neurotransmitter receptors: membrane receptor protein that activates by a neurotransmitter, in postsynaptic neurons, the receptors receive signals that triggers an electrical signal by regulating activity of ion channels Transporters: glial cells that sucks up (brings back) the left over neurotransmitter in the cleft; clears junction before next action potential reaches. The neurotransmitters are then stored in the vesicles for future use. Ionotropic receptors: a receptor protein that forms ligand-gated ion channel (ligand=hormone or neurotransmitter), binding of a ligand causes opening of the channel allowing ion influx. (e. g. glutamate receptor) it causes immediate effect, opens channel for millisecond Metabotropic receptors: a membrane receptor that are indirectly linked with ion channels through G-proteins and other enzymes. Binding of a neurotransmitter to this receptor does not start action potentials, but it starts other cellular effects. It lasts for a sec to minute, long-lasting effect. Neuromodulation: the alteration of nerve activity through the delivery of electrical stimulation or chemical agents to targeted site of the body G-proteins: acts as molecular switches inside cells Inhibition/excitation: inhibition=blocking ion influx (Na+)-in inhibitory synapses, excitation=allow ion influx(Na+)-in excitatory synapses.

WHEN ACTION POTENTIAL REACHES THE AXON TERMINAL

Neurotransmitters Excitatory: Glutamate Inhibitory: GABA Glycine Neuromodulator: Acetylcholine Dopamine noradrenaline

GOOD SOURCES Action potential and release of neurotransmitters: http: //pleasanton. k 12. ca. us/avhsweb/thiel/apbio/review/neuron. html https: //www. khanacademy. org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse