CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Chapter 16 equilibrium vs completed reactions

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Chapter 16 • equilibrium vs. completed reactions • equilibrium constant expressions • Reaction quotient • computing positions of equilibria: examples • Le Chatelier’s principle - effect on equilibria of: • addition of reactant or product • pressure • temperature YOU ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE for section 16. 7 (relation to kinetics) 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 1

THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT For any type of chemical equilibrium of the type a. A + b. B c. C + d. D the following is a CONSTANT (at a given T) : If K is known, then we can predict concentrations of products or reactants. 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 2

Q - the reaction quotient All reacting chemical systems can be characterized by their REACTION QUOTIENT, Q. Q has the same form as K, . . . but uses existing concentrations If Q = K, then system is at equilibrium. 0. 35 n-Butane iso-Butane Q = [iso] = = 1. 40 0. 25 0. 35 [n] 0. 25 Since K =2. 5, system NOT AT EQUIL. To reach EQUILIBRIUM [Iso] must INCREASE and [n] must DECREASE. 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 3

Typical EQUILIBRIUM Calculations 2 general types: a. Given set of concentrations, Calculate Q is system at equilibrium ? compare to K IF: Q > K or Q/K > 1 REACTANTS Q/K 1 Q < K or Q/K < 1 PRODUCTS Q Q=K 3 Nov 97 Q=K Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) at EQUILIBRIUM 4

H 2(g) + I 2(g) 2 HI(g) Kc = 55. 3 Step 1 Define equilibrium condition in terms of initial condition and a change variable [H 2] [I 2] [HI] At equilibrium 1. 00 -x 2 x Step 2 Put equilibrium [ ] into Kc. Step 3. Solve for x. 55. 3 = (2 x)2/(1 -x)2 Square root of both sides & solve gives: x = 0. 79 At equilibrium 3 Nov 97 [H 2] = [I 2] = 1. 00 - x = 0. 21 M [HI] = 2 x = 1. 58 M Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 5

EQUILIBRIUM AND EXTERNAL EFFECTS • The position of equilibrium is changed when there is a change in: – pressure – changes in concentration – temperature • The outcome is governed by LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE “. . . if a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system tends to shift its equilibrium position to counter the effect of the disturbance. ” 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) Henri Le Chatelier 1850 -1936 - Studied mining engineering - specialized in glass and ceramics. 6

Shifts in EQUILIBRIUM : Concentration • If concentration of one species changes, concentrations of other species CHANGES to keep the value of K the same (at constant T) • no change in K - only position of equilibrium changes. ADDING PRODUCTS - equilibrium shifts to REACTANTS ADDING REACTANTS - equilibrium shifts to PRODUCTS - GAS-FORMING; PRECIPITATION REMOVING PRODUCTS - often used to DRIVE REACTION TO COMPLETION 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 7

Effect of changed [ ] on an equilibrium n-Butane Isobutane K = [iso] [n] = 2. 5 INITIALLY: [n] = 0. 50 M [iso] = 1. 25 M CHANGE: ADD +1. 50 M n-butane What happens ? Solution A. Calculate Q with extra 1. 50 M n-butane. 16_butane. mov Q = [iso] / [n] = 1. 25 / (0. 50 + 1. 50) = 0. 63(16 m 13 an 1. mov) Q < K. Therefore, reaction shifts to PRODUCT 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 8

Butane/Isobutane Solution B. Solve for NEW EQUILIBRIUM - set up concentration table [n-butane] [isobutane] Initial 0. 50 + 1. 50 1. 25 Change -x +x Equilibrium 2. 00 - x 1. 25 + x A B x = 1. 07 M. At new equilibrium position, [n-butane] = 0. 93 M [isobutane] = 2. 32 M. Equilibrium has shifted toward isobutane. 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 9

Effect of Pressure (gas equilibrium) N 2 O 4(g) 2 NO 2(g) Increase P in the system by reducing the volume. Increasing P shifts equilibrium to side with fewer molecules (to try to reduce P). Here, reaction shifts LEFT PN 2 O 4 increases 3 Nov 97 16_NO 2. mov (16 m 14 an 1. mov) PNO 2 decreases See Ass#2 - question #6 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 10

EQUILIBRIUM AND EXTERNAL EFFECTS • Temperature change • Consider the fizz in a soft drink CO 2(g) + H 2 O(liq) LOWER T in K CO 2(aq) + heat Kc = [CO 2(aq)]/[CO 2(g)] HIGHER T • Change T: New equilib. position? New value of K? • Increase T Equilibrium shifts left: [CO 2(g)] [CO 2 (aq)] K decreases as T goes up. • Decrease T [CO 2 (aq)] increases and [CO 2(g)] decreases. K increases as T goes down 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 11

Temperature Effects on Chemical Equilibrium N 2 O 4 + heat (colorless) 2 NO 2 (brown) Kc = 0. 00077 at 273 K Kc = 0. 00590 at 298 K Horxn = + 57. 2 k. J Increasing T changes K so as to shift equilibrium in ENDOTHERMIC direction 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 16_NO 2 RX. mov (16 m 14 an 1. mov) 12

EQUILIBRIUM AND EXTERNAL EFFECTS Catalytic exhaust system • Add catalyst ---> no change in • A catalyst only affects the RATE of approach to equilibrium. 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) K 13

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Chapter 16 • equilibrium vs. completed reactions • equilibrium constant expressions • Reaction quotient • computing positions of equilibria: examples • Le Chatelier’s principle - effect on equilibria of: • addition of reactant or product • pressure • temperature YOU ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE for section 16. 7 (relation to kinetics) 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 14

Entropy and Free Energy (Kotz Ch 20) • Spontaneous vs. non-spontaneous • thermodynamics vs. kinetics • entropy = randomness (So) • Gibbs free energy ( Go) • Go for reactions - predicting spontaneous direction • Grxn versus Gorxn • predicting equilibrium constants from Gorxn 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 15

Entropy and Free Energy ( Kotz Ch 20 ) • some processes are spontaneous; others never occur. WHY ? • How can we predict if a reaction can occur, given enough time? THERMODYNAMICS 9 -paper. mov 20 m 02 vd 1. mov • Note: Thermodynamics DOES NOT say how quickly (or slowly) a reaction will occur. • To predict if a reaction can occur at a reasonable rate, one needs to consider: KINETICS 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 16

Thermodynamics • state of a chemical system (P, T, composition) • From a given state, would a chemical reaction decrease the energy of the system? • If yes, system is favored to react — a product -favored system which will have a spontaneous reaction. • Most product-favored reactions are exothermic. • Spontaneous does not imply anything about time for reaction to occur. (kinetics) 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 17

Thermodynamics versus Kinetics • Diamond to Graphite – spontaneous from thermodynamics – but not kinetically favored. • Paper burns. - product - favored reaction. - Also kinetically favored once reaction is begun. 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 18

Product-Favored Reactions In general, productfavored reactions are exothermic. E. g. thermite reaction Fe 2 O 3(s) + 2 Al(s) 2 Fe(s) + Al 2 O 3(s) H = - 848 k. J 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 19

Non-exothermic spontaneous reactions But many spontaneous reactions or processes are endothermic. . . NH 4 NO 3(s) + heat NH 4+ (aq) + NO 3 - (aq) Hsol = +25. 7 k. J/mol or have H = 0. . . 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 20

Entropy, S One property common to product-favored processes is that the final state is more DISORDERED or RANDOM than the original. Spontaneity is related to an increase in randomness. The thermodynamic property related to randomness is ENTROPY, S. 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) Reaction of K with water 21

PROBABILITY - predictor of most stable state WHY DO PROCESSES with H = 0 occur ? Consider expansion of gases to equal pressure: This is spontaneous because the final state, with equal # molecules in each flask, is much more probable than the initial state, with all molecules in flask 1, none in flask 2 SYSTEM CHANGES to state of HIGHER PROBABILITY THIS IS USUALLY the more RANDOM state. 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 22

Gas expansion - spontaneity from greater probability Consider distribution of 4 molecules in 2 flasks P 1 < P 2 P 1 = P 2 P 1 > P 2 With more molecules (>1020) P 1=P 2 is most probable by far 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 23

WHAT about EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS ? Consider 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2 H 2 O (l) • HIGHLY EXOTHERMIC • final state (liquid) is MUCH MORE ORDERED (less random arrangement) than initial state (2 gases) • BUT PROBABILITY of final state is higher when one considers change in the surroundings. WHY ? • Heat evolved increases motion of molecules in the surroundings Increased disorder of surroundings > decreased disorder of system MUST consider change in disorder in BOTH SYSTEM and SURROUNDINGS to predict DIRECTION of SPONTANEITY 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 24

Directionality of Reactions How probable is it that reactant molecules will react? PROBABILITY suggests that a product-favored reaction will result in the dispersal of energy or dispersal of matter or both. 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 25

Directionality of Reactions Probability suggests that a product-favored reaction will result in the dispersal of energy or of matter or both. Matter Dispersal Energy Dispersal 9_gasmix. mov 20 m 03 an 1. mov 9_exorxn. mov 20 m 03 an 2. mov 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 26

Directionality of Reactions Energy Dispersal • Exothermic reactions involve a release of stored chemical potential energy to the surroundings. • The stored potential energy starts out in a few molecules but is finally dispersed over a great many molecules. • The final state—with energy dispersed—is more probable and makes a reaction product-favored. 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 27

Standard Entropies, So • Every substance at a given temperature and in a specific phase has a well-defined Entropy • At 298 o the entropy of a substance is called o S - with UNITS of J. K-1. mol-1 • The larger the value of So, the greater the degree of disorder or randomness e. g. So (in J. K-1 mol-1) : Br 2 (liq) = 152. 2 Br 2 (gas) = 245. 5 For any process: So = So(final) - So(initial) So(vap. , Br 2) = (245. 5 -152. 2) = 93. 3 J. K-1 mol-1 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 28

Entropy, S Vapour So (J/K • mol) H 2 O(gas) 188. 8 Ice Water H 2 O(liq) 69. 9 H 2 O (s) 47. 9 S (gases) > S (liquids) > S (solids) 3 Nov 97 Entropy & Free Energy (Ch 20) 29