Chem 108 Lab Week 14 15 Sign in
Chem 108: Lab Week 14 15 Sign in Note your Group # Pick up Papers Experiments: Synthesis of Aspirin & Gas Stoichiometry
Synthesis of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug Aspirin & Pain
Synthesis of Aspirin Select Partner(s) group of 2 -3.
Salicylic Acid Common Functional Groups Name Alcohols General Formula R Ethers R R Amines R N 2 Carboxylic Acids
Aspirin Common Functional Groups Name General Formula Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters Amides
Gas Stoichiometry
Gas Stoichiometry • Refer to the Procedure section pp. 54 -56. The following slides correspond to the instructions in the procedure.
What is wrong with this set up? Mg or Zn
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Mg. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g)
Mg or Zn
• Refer to the Gas Stoichiometry Report Form, pg. 58 -59 • Experimental data is to be obtained for the reaction of a known mass of magnesium metal: Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Mg. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) • The volume of hydrogen, pressure and temperature determined and recorded. • Moles of hydrogen is calculated using Ideal Gas Law calculations, then calculating mass of the starting magnesium from the number of moles of hydrogen.
Background Ideal Gas Law PV = n RT • • • R = “proportionality” constant = 0. 08206 L atm mol P = pressure of gas in atm V = volume of gas in liters n = moles of gas T = temperature of gas in Kelvin
Standard Conditions Temperature, Pressure & Moles • “STP” • • For 1 mole of a gas at STP: P = 1 atmosphere T = C (273. 15 K) The molar volume of an ideal gas is 22. 42 liters at STP
Isobaric process: pressure constant Isochoric process: volume constant Isothermal process: temperature constant P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 P V V 1 / n 1 = V 2 / n 2 V n Combined Gas Law P 1 V 1 / T 1 = P 2 V 2 / T 2 V 1 / T 1 = V 2 / T 2 V T Standard Conditions (STP) 273 K, 1. 0 atm, R = 0. 08206 L atm/ K mol @STP 1 mole of any “ideal” gas has a volume of 22. 4 Liters.
Ideal Gas Law Simulator http: //ch 301. cm. utexas. edu/simulations/gas-laws/Gas. Law. Simulator. swf
Hydrogen & the Ideal Gas Law n H (g) = PV / RT 2 • • n = moles H 2(g) P H 2(g) = pressure of H 2(g) in atm (mm Hg atm) V = experimental volume (m. L L) T = experimental temperature (o. C K) Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Mg. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g)
Total Pressure: Sum of the Partial Pressures • For a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the pressures of each gas in the mixture. PTotal = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 +. . . PTotal n Total n. Total = n 1 + n 2 + n 3 +. . .
• P H 2(g) = P Total (barometric) - P H 2 O (g) [TABLE] - P HCl (g) = HCl Height (mm) ÷ 12. 95 ______ HCl Height (mm) x 0. 0772 ______ Density Hg is 12. 95 times > density HCl(aq) 0. 772 mm Hg/cm of acid solution
Ideal Gas Law: Moles / Avogadro’s Law n H (g) = PV / RT 2 • • • n = moles H 2(g) P H 2(g) = pressure of H 2(g) in atm (mm Hg atm) P H 2(g) = P Total (barometric) - P H 2 O (g) [TABLE] - P HCl (g) V = experimental volume (m. L L) T = experimental temperature (o. C K) R = 0. 082057338 L atm K− 1 mol− 1 (constant) Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Mg. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g)
• Refer to Report Form Part I: (Example uses Zinc. ) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) Mole Calculations: • Stoichiometry Calculation • Ideal Gas Law Calculations • Comparison (% Error)
Stoichiometry Moles Hydrogen / Mass of Zinc (Part I: Zinc Calculation) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) mol H (g) = mol Zn(s) 2 mass (g) Zn(s) = mol Zn(s) x Molar Mass Zn(s)
Zinc Example Calculation • Complete Report Form pg. 58 Part I: Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) Mole Calculations: • • • Stoichiometry Calculation Ideal Gas Law Calculations Comparison (% Error)
Moles : Ideal Gas Law (Part I: Zinc Calculation Example) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) n H (g) = PV / RT 2 • • • n = moles H 2(g) P H 2(g) = pressure of H 2(g) in atm (mm Hg atm) P H 2(g) = P Total (barometric) - P H 2 O (g) [TABLE] - P HCl (g) V = experimental volume (m. L L) T = experimental temperature (o. C K) R = 0. 082057338 L atm K− 1 mol− 1
Moles : Ideal Gas Law (Part I: Zinc Calculation Example) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) n H (g) = PV / RT 2 V = experimental volume (m. L L) R = 0. 082057338 L atm K− 1 mol− 1
Moles : Ideal Gas Law (Part I: Zinc Calculation Example) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) n H (g) = PV / RT 2 V = experimental volume (m. L L) T = experimental temperature (o. C K) R = 0. 082057338 L atm K− 1 mol− 1
Moles : Ideal Gas Law (Part I: Zinc Calculation Example) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) n H (g) = PV / RT 2 V = experimental volume (m. L L) T = experimental temperature (o. C K) P H 2(g) = pressure of H 2(g) in atm (mm Hg atm) P H 2(g) = P Total (barometric) - P H 2 O (g) [TABLE] - P HCl (g) R = 0. 082057338 L atm K− 1 mol− 1
Moles : Ideal Gas Law Part I: Hydrogen Calculation, (Refer to Form’s Data) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) n H (g) = PV / RT 2 • • • n = moles H 2(g) P H 2(g) = pressure of H 2(g) in atm (mm Hg atm) P H 2(g) = 29. 98 inches Hg (barometric) - 19. 8 mm Hg H 2 O (g) [TABLE] - P HCl (g) R = 0. 082057338 L atm K− 1 mol− 1 19. 2 cm 10. 0 cm
• P H 2(g) = P Total (barometric) - P H 2 O (g) [TABLE] - P HCl (g) = 19. 2 cm Hg - 10. 0 cm Hg = 92 mm Hg HCl Height (mm) ÷ 12. 95 = 7. 1 mm Hg ______ P HCl (g) = 19. 2 cm Hg 10. 0 cm Hg = 92 mm Hg HCl Height (mm) x 0. 0772 = 7. 1 mm Hg _____ 0. 772 mm Hg/cm of acid solution Density Hg is 12. 95 times > density HCl(aq)
P H 2(g) = 761. 5 mm Hg (barometric) - 19. 8 mm Hg H 2 O (g) - 7. 1 mm Hg HCl (g) = 734. 6 mm Hg / = 0. 9666 atm 760. 0 mm Hg / 1. 000 atm
Moles : Ideal Gas Law (Part I: Hydrogen Calculation) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) n H (g) = PV / RT 2 • • n = moles H 2(g) P H 2(g) = 0. 9666 atm V = 0. 0815 L T = 295. 1 K R = 0. 08206 L atm K− 1 mol− 1 n H (g) = 0. 00325 moles Zn(s) 2 2
% Error Theoretical Mass Zinc vs. Experimental (Part I: Calculation) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) mass (g) Zn(s) = mol Zn(s) x Molar Mass Zn(s) = 0. 00325 moles Zn(s) x 65. 37 g/mol Zn(s) experimental grams Zn(s) - theoretical grams Zn(s) x 100 % Error = theoretical grams Zn(s) _____________________________________________________--________ = = 0. 213 g - 0. 21 g x 100 __________________________ 0. 21 g 1. 4 % Bring completed Report Forms to Dr. R. to get Mg(s) sample(s).
Molar Mass of any Gas (Hydrogen for example) • PV = n RT • n = g of gas/ MM gas [MM gas = g/mol] • PV = (g of gas/ MM gas)RT • MM gas = g of gas/V (RT/P) Density of gas • MM gas = g of gas/V (RT/P) • MM gas = density of gas (RT/P)
(Part II) Magnesium Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Mg. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) Mole Calculations: • • • Stoichiometry Calculation Ideal Gas Law Calculations Comparison (% Error) Get equipment from stockroom and complete data acquisition for Part II. Have individual Report Forms checked before leaving lab today.
Gas Stoichiometry Complete Report form pages pp. 5860. (Individual) Due Next Week Include clear calculations with units.
Synthesis of Aspirin Select Partner(s) group of 2 -3.
Aspirin Synthesis 1. Get equipment from stockroom with yoour group. 2. Follow instructions carefully and be mindful of your safety. WEAR eye protection. 3. DO NOT begin recrystallization portion in the experiment’s instructions.
• Experiment uses acetic anhydride (C 4 H 6 O 3) Store filtered crude aspirin in lab drawer and weigh next week.
Aspirin Synthesis • Experiment uses acetic anhydride (C 4 H 6 O 3) Have individual Report Form data checked before leaving lab today. Store filtered crude aspirin in lab drawer and weigh next week.
Chem 108: Lab Part 2: Completed pg. 95 & Calculations Due (individually) Today 0. 2051 mol/L
Unkown Acid Neutralization Net Ionic Equation/ Calculation HNO 3(aq) + Na. OH (aq) acid Na. NO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) base salt conj. base H+(aq) + OH -(aq) acid base water conj. acid H 2 O(l) water 25. 00 m. L of MH+ (aq)= ? (unknown monoprotic nitric acid solution) was titrated with a sodium hydroxide solution, MOH-= ? 0. 2162 M. It required 24. 20 m. L as an average of three trials which were within +/- 0. 20 m. L to reach a faint pink color. MH+ (aq) = ? ? MH+ = [MOH- x VOH- / VH+ ] [? mol. H+ / ? mol. OH-]
Unkown Acid Neutralization Net Ionic Equation/ Calculation H+(aq) + OH -(aq) acid base H 2 O(l) water 25. 00 m. L of MH+ aq= ? (unknown monoprotic acid solution) was titrated with a sodium hydroxide solution, MOH-= ? 0. 2162 M. It required 24. 20 m. L as an average of three trials which were within +/- 0. 20 m. L to reach a faint pink color. ? MH+ = = [MOH- x VOH- / VH+ ] [? mol. H+ / ? mol. OH-] x 0. 02420 LOH- x 1 mol. H+ LOH- x 0. 02500 LH+ x 1 mol. OH- 0. 2162 mol. OH- = 0. 2093 MH+
Due (individually) Today
Report Form & Post Lab Due next week. http: //chemconnections. org/general/chem 108/Aspirin%20 Guide. html
Vacuum Filtration https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. JO_fr. Xd. Ns. U
Real Gases Dr. Ron Rusay
Ideal vs. Real Gases Volume vs. Temperature @ constant P
Gases behave “ideally” when attractive forces are minimal; @ low pressure & relatively high temperatures.
Real Gases Must correct “ideal” gas pressure & volume for each respective gas when attractive forces are important: high potential & low kinetic energies corrected pressure corrected volume “Ideal” gas conditions minimize attractive forces @ low pressure & high temperatures.
Atmospheric Pollutants Real Gases
Atmospheric Pollutants http: //berkeleyearth. org/air-pollution-overview/
Atmospheric Pollutants https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=m 7 n. Os. Vo. Hskw
https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=m 7 n. Os. Vo. Hskw
QUESTION What time of day is it in LA? (There is no marine layer. ) A) 8: 00 AM B) 4: 00 PM
ANSWER What time of day is it in LA? A) 8: 00 AM B) 4: 00 PM
Acid Rain How does acid rain relate to global warming and energy policy? Fossil fuels: coal and oil?
Acid Rain CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) H 2 CO 3 (aq) H 3 O+(aq) + HCO 3 -(aq) SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) H 2 SO 4 (aq) Effects on marble, limestone & (old) blackboard chalk, Ca. CO 3?
Atmospheric Pollutants Acid Rain Protection
Atmospheric Pollutants?
Air Composition / Altitude
Air Composition / Altitude
Greenhouse Gases Troposphere
What is a greenhouse gas? The sun’s energy & the molecule’s shape (polarity) decide. • Our atmosphere (air) is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. (BOTH are not polar. ) • Neither are greenhouse gases. They do not absorb infrared radiation (heat). • However, CO 2 and H 2 O absorb infrared energy. • Without them earth would be very chilly. • CO 2 , an atmospheric pollutant?
What is a greenhouse gas? The sun’s energy & a molecule’s shape & polarity decide. ……. and a pollutant? • Our atmosphere (air) is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. (BOTH are not polar. ) • Neither are greenhouse gases. They do not absorb infrared radiation (heat). • However, H 2 O and CO 2 can absorb infrared energy. Without them earth would be very chilly. • ………. CO 2 , CH 4 atmospheric pollutants? • Governments decide. http: //zebu. uoregon. edu/1998/es 202/l 13. html
Energy (Carbon) (CO 2) Global Warming (Carbon) Economy Jobs (CO 2)
Energy (Carbon) (CO 2) Global Warming (Carbon) Economy Jobs https: //www. co 2. earth/ (CO 2)
Infrared Spectra: CO 2 Concentration Effects Nitrogen & Oxygen produce flat lines: 100% Transmission, 0 Absorbance
Your Future?
Bonus Assignment http: //chemconnections. org/Global%20 Warming/Global%20 warming%20& %20 Carbon%20 Footprint. pdf Global Warming, Your Carbon Footprint & Your Future Capstone Writing Project http: //chemconnections. org/Global%20 Warming/
Bonus Assignment https: //chem. libretexts. org/Libre. Texts/Diablo_Valley_College/DVC_Chem_106%3 A_Rusay/ Vocabulary_III#global%25252 Bwarming Global Warming, Your Carbon Footprint & Your Future http: //chemconnections. org/Global%20 Warming/
Global Warming, Your Carbon Footprint & Your Future SEE: http: //chemconnections. org/IFTVET-2016/IFVET-Global%20 Warming. htm
Energy (Carbon) (CO 2) Global Warming (Carbon) Economy (Jobs) https: //www. co 2. earth/ (CO 2)
Handouts • Select a partner and get 2 handouts each, which replace Lab Manual pp. 53 -60. • Read the Background section.
Gases & Airbags Use of Chemical Reactions and Physical Properties http: //chemconnections. org/general/movies/airbags. MOV
Quiz Questions
QUESTION The density of an unknown atmospheric gas pollutant was experimentally determined to be 1. 964 g/ L @ 0 o. C and 760 torr. • What is the molar mass of the gas? • What might the gas be? A) CO B) SO 2 C) H 2 O D) CO 2
ANSWER 1. 964 g/ L @ 0 o. C and 760 torr. R = 0. 08206 L atm mol o. C K torr atm MM gas = density of gas (RT/P) MM gas = 1. 964 g/ L x 0. 08206 L atm mol x 273 K/ 760 torr x 760 torr/ 1 atm MM MM gas = 44. 0 g/mol gas= D) CO 2
QUESTION Freon-12, CF 2 Cl 2, a “safe” compressible gas, was widely used from 1935 -1994 as a refrigerant in refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioning systems. However, it had been shown to be a greenhouse gas and to catalytically destroy the ozone layer in a ratio of >14, 000: 1. It was phased out and banned. 200. ml of Freon-12 was collected by syringe. It weighed 0. 927 grams, had a temperature of 30. 0°C (303. 1 K), and a pressure of 730 mm of Hg (. What is the experimental molar mass of Freon-12? A. B. C. D. E. 12. 1 g/mol 84 g/mol 92. 7 g/mol 115 g/mol 121. g/mol R = 0. 082 L atm K− 1 mol− 1
ANSWER E) 121 g/mol is the molar mass of Freon-12. MM gas = g of gas/V (RT/P)
QUESTION 0. 0820 grams of a volatile compound in the gas phase, which smells like fresh raspberries, was trapped in a syringe. It had a volume of 12. 2 m. L at 1. 00 atmosphere of pressure and 25. 0°C. What is the molar mass of this pleasant smelling compound ? A) B) C) D) 13. 8 g/mol 164 g/mol 40. 9 g/mol 224 g/mol
ANSWER B) 164 g/mol Using PV = n. RT : 0. 0122 L for V, 298 K for T, 0. 08206 for R and solving for n = 1. MOLAR MASS (grams in one mole) can be calculated. MM gas = density of gas (RT/P) MM gas = 0. 0820 g/ L x 0. 00122 L x 0. 0821 atm mol x 298 K/ 1 atm
QUESTION For the compound that smells like fresh raspberries, the following structure matches its molecular formula. A) TRUE B) FALSE
ANSWER Based on your answers for the compound, which smells like fresh raspberries, in the previous two questions, the following structure matches its molecular formula. A) TRUE B) FALSE 164 g/mol = C 10 H 12 O 2
QUESTION Which sequence represents the gases in order of increasing density at STP? A) Fluorine < Carbon monoxide < Chlorine < Argon B) Carbon monoxide < Fluorine < Argon < Chlorine C) Argon < Carbon monoxide < Chlorine < Fluorine D) Fluorine < Chlorine < Carbon monoxide < Argon
ANSWER Which sequence represents the gases in order of increasing density at STP? A) Fluorine < Carbon monoxide < Chlorine < Argon B) Carbon monoxide < Fluorine < Argon < Chlorine C) Argon < Carbon monoxide < Chlorine < Fluorine D) Fluorine < Chlorine < Carbon monoxide < Argon
QUESTION Real gases exhibit their most “ideal” behavior at which relative conditions? A) B) C) D) Low temperatures and low pressures High temperatures and high pressures High temperatures and low pressures Low temperatures and high pressures
ANSWER C) High temperatures and low pressures At these conditions gas molecules are farthest apart and exert their least influence on each other (High kinetic energy and low potential energy) thereby permitting their behavior to more closely follow mathematical formulas, “laws’.
% Mg: Calculations Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Mg. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) Zn. Cl 2(aq) + H 2 (g) total moles H 2(g) = moles Mg(s) + moles Zn(s) mass (g) Zn(s) = mass sample (g) – ? mass Mg(s) (g) (mass sample (g) – ? mass Mg(s) ( ___________________ total moles H 2(g) = + Molar Mass Mg(s) Molar Mass Zn(s) Solve ? grams Mg(s) % Mg(s)
Related Quiz Questions Experimentally Determining Moles of Hydrogen
QUESTION The density of an unknown atmospheric gas pollutant was experimentally determined to be 1. 964 g/ L @ 0 o. C and 760 torr. • What is the molar mass of the gas? • What might the gas be? A) CO B) SO 2 C) H 2 O D) CO 2
QUESTION Freon-12, CF 2 Cl 2, a “safe” compressible gas, was widely used from 1935 -1994 as a refrigerant in refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioning systems. However, it had been shown to be a greenhouse gas and to catalytically destroy the ozone layer in a ratio of >14, 000: 1. It was phased out and banned. 200. ml of Freon-12 was collected by syringe. It weighed 0. 927 grams, had a temperature of 30. 0°C (303. 1 K), and a pressure of 730 mm of Hg (. What is the experimental molar mass of Freon-12? A. B. C. D. E. 12. 1 g/mol 84 g/mol 92. 7 g/mol 115 g/mol 121. g/mol R = 0. 082 L atm K− 1 mol− 1
QUESTION 0. 0820 grams of a volatile compound in the gas phase, which smells like fresh raspberries, was trapped in a syringe. It had a volume of 12. 2 m. L at 1. 00 atmosphere of pressure and 25. 0°C. What is the molar mass of this pleasant smelling compound ? A) B) C) D) 13. 8 g/mol 164 g/mol 40. 9 g/mol 224 g/mol
QUESTION For the compound that smells like fresh raspberries, the following structure matches its molecular formula, C 10 H 12 O 2. A) TRUE B) FALSE
QUESTION Which sequence represents the gases in order of increasing density at STP? A) Fluorine < Carbon monoxide < Chlorine < Argon B) Carbon monoxide < Fluorine < Argon < Chlorine C) Argon < Carbon monoxide < Chlorine < Fluorine D) Fluorine < Chlorine < Carbon monoxide < Argon
QUESTION Real gases exhibit their most “ideal” behavior at which relative conditions? A) B) C) D) Low temperatures and low pressures High temperatures and high pressures High temperatures and low pressures Low temperatures and high pressures
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